1. Phonological Variation
How do we deal with variation in pronunciation?
How many ways do people say 'important'? 1

2. Phonological Variation
How do we deal with variation in pronunciation?
How many ways do people say 'important'?
How about individual voices?
How about people with different accents? 2

3. Phonological Variation
How do we deal with variation in pronunciation?
How many ways do people say 'important'?
How about individual voices?
How about people with different accents?
How about people with a cold, hoarse? 3

4. Phonological Variation
Exemplar versus abstract storage
Exemplar
all experience stored with detail
recognition involves matching to stored exemplars 4

5. Phonological Variation
Exemplar versus abstract storage
Exemplar
all experience stored with detail
recognition involves matching to stored exemplars
Abstract
experiences stripped of details and stored phonemically
recognition involves matching to stored abstractions 5

6. Phonological Variation
Corpus of 600 words ending in -t, -d
59% of stops were pronounced release
18% of voiced stops had release
42% of voiceless stops had release 6

7. Phonological Variation
Corpus of 600 words ending in -t, -d
59% of stops were pronounced release
18% of voiced stops had release
42% of voiceless stops had release
Phoneme monitoring experiment
Press button if you hear t (or d) in word 7

8. Phonological Variation
Corpus of 600 words ending in -t, -d
59% of stops were pronounced release
18% of voiced stops had release
42% of voiceless stops had release
Phoneme monitoring experiment
Press button if you hear t (or d) in word
Faster RT if stop was released 8

9. Phonological Variation
Corpus of 600 words ending in -t, -d
59% of stops were pronounced release
18% of voiced stops had release
42% of voiceless stops had release
Phoneme monitoring experiment
Press button if you hear t (or d) in word
Faster RT to pseudowords when stop was released voiceless 9

10. Phonological Variation
Corpus of 600 words ending in -t, -d
59% of stops were pronounced release
18% of voiced stops had release
42% of voiceless stops had release
Phoneme monitoring experiment
Press button if you hear t (or d) in word
No RT difference when pseudowords were voiced released 10

11. Phonological Variation
Would abstract or exemplar explain these findings? 11

12. Phonological Variation
Would abstract or exemplar explain these findings?
Abstract wouldn't store release or non- release information
Exemplar would store this information 12

13. Phonological Variation
Flapping in American English
96% of /t/ in flapping environment flap
“pretty” is a real word
“britty” is not a real word
Continuum of words from pretty to britty presented to people. Which did you hear?
When word had flap people hear 'pretty'
When word had [t] people hear 'pretty' less often 13

14. Phonological Variation
if 'pretty' is stored phonemically /prIti/ then there should be no difference if word has flap or [t] since there is no difference in storage 14

15. Phonological Variation
if 'pretty' is stored phonemically /prIti/ then there should be no difference if word has flap or [t] since there is no difference in storage
If most exemplars of 'pretty' have flaps then the flap versions of the test word are closer to 'pretty' than the test words with [t]. 15

16. Phonological Variation
Schwa deletion is variable
'history' [hIstri] or [hIstəri] 16

17. Phonological Variation
Schwa deletion is variable
'history' [hIstri] or [hIstəri]
Some words delete a lot
'every, family, camera'
Some words delete a little
'artillery, mammary' 17

18. Phonological Variation
People heard words where schwa was long, then succesively shorter, then absent.
They were asked whether schwa was present or not. 18

19. Phonological Variation
People heard words where schwa was long, then succesively shorter, then absent.
They were asked whether schwa was present or not.
People 'heard' more schwas in words that don't delete much (mammary)
People 'heard' more deleted schwas in words that delete a lot (camera) 19

20. Phonological Variation
Abstract storage: 'camera' and 'mammary' are stored with schwa. A rule deletes it later
This can't explain the results 20

21. Phonological Variation
Abstract storage: 'camera' and 'mammary' are stored with schwa. A rule deletes it later
This can't explain the results
Exemplar: 'camera' has lots of exemplars without schwa, but most exemplars of 'mammary' have schwa
This explains the results 21

22. Phonological Variation
The experiment also had nonce words similar to the real words
'fostoro' similary to 'history'
'lemaro' similar to 'mammary'
The schwa length was also manipulated
Differences between history and mammary found
No differences between fostoro and lemaro found 22

23. Phonological Variation
If rule applies to abstractions then 'history' and 'fostoro' would undergo it and have same outcome
If rule applies to 'mammary' and 'lemaro' then they would both undergo it and have the same outcome
Real and nonce words have different outcomes so the abstraction and rule model doesn't work 23

24. Phonological Variation
Exemplar models predict that real words and nonce words will be perceived differently 24