1. The Middle Ages

2. High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1300 A.D. Great Schism in 1054
1st Split in Christianity; no longer “The Church”
Roman Catholic follow Pope Leo IX
Orthodox follow Michael Cerularius
Start of the Crusades in 1095
Roman Catholic church called upon to help defend Byzantine empire against Turks (Muslims)
If you fight, all sins are forgiven
Medieval Culture
Establishment of Universities
Feudalism
Height of Economic Prosperity
-Until 1054 people acknowledge Pope as head of Church
-Pope says: Celibacy; Cerularius says bread in communion; Pope says use Latin; Cer: Sing hallelujah during lent; Pope says don’t sing and excommunicates MC; MC exc. P
-MC is Patriarch of Constantinople (head of church in city founded by original apostles)
-Excomm. Lasts until 1962
Crusades: Patriarch of Constantinople asks Pope Urban II for help b/c Christians being attacked by “muslims” (bandits)
Truce of God: no fighting Sun-Wed
Peace of God: no fighting during holidays
Don’t work so send troops on Crusade to bring peace to Western Europe
Feudalism: dominant political structure defined by economic relationship: in return for protection a person agreed to work the lord’s lands and pay an annual fee. Might choose to serve lord as soldier

3. High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1300 A.D.
Discuss readings from page 235 – 239
What is necessary to “Succeed in business” in the High Middle Ages?
What is a guild? How does it help the economy of the High Middle Ages flourish?
How do the economic practices from the High Middle Ages compare to those of today?
Necessary: Morality, reputation, knowledge of law, learn customs of place traveling to, learn vernacular, personality, associate with people of high ses
-No virtue is higher or stronger than the power to keep one’s tongue from foul or profane speech, tattling, or slanderous talk in any form”
-shun vices
-you ought never to let a day pass without learning something that will profit you
**GUILD: businessmen’s associations that tried to eliminate competition by barring outsiders from doing business in town, by limiting membership, by fixing the price of their goods and by setting quality standard
-Similar to a monopoly

4. Later Middle Ages: 1300-1450 A.D. Domino Effect
Little Ice Age: 1300 – 1450
End of the Viking Colony
Terrible crop failure
Great Famine: 1315 – 1322
Crop scarcity and starvation
Increase in price of crops therefore fewer could afford and more went ill
Social Consequences
Poverty, persecution of Jews, Crime
-Colder and Wetter
-Unusual number of storms killed crops that people/animals depended on
-1 in 4 harvests were poor
-Great Famine: 7 Lean Years in Bible

5. The Black Death Mapping the Spread of the Black Death
What areas were not affected? Why?
How was the spread of the Black Death comparable to the spread of SARS or AIDS today?
Importance of economics in every aspect of history;
Importance of trade in spread of disease back then and today with air travel
At height, killed 1-5K a day
Florence: 60% of ppl died in one year
Venice: 60% in 18 months

6. The Black Death
“To put the matter shortly, one-half, or more than a half, of the people at Avignon are already dead. Within the walls of the city there are now more than 7,000 houses shut up; in these no one is living, and all who have inhabited them are departed … On account of this great mortality there is such a fear of death that people do not dare even to speak with anyone whose relative has died, because it is frequently remarked that in a family where one dies nearly all the relations follow him.”

7. The Black Death Causes: Effects: Spread:
Flea ingests blood from rodents and transports disease to humans
Increase in trade led to introduction into Europe
Effects:
Swollen lymphnods and/or growth on neck, armpit or groin
Black spot or blotches on skin
Cough and spit blood
3 or 4 days from infestation to Death
Spread:
Flea bite
Pneumonic transmission
Septicemic
Gobi Desert in Western China
35 million people in China suffered
60% of people in Florence died in 1 year…effects?
Highest mortality rate?
Bubonic: bacteria reproduced in digestive tracts of fleas…bit a human
Pneumonic: coughed or sneezed…passed through air
Septicemic: blood-transmitted
Quarantines

8. The Black Death The Perfect Conditions Care of the Sick
Filthy, overcrowded cities
People already suffering from famine
Terrible personal hygiene
Care of the Sick
Clean the air
Religious coping
Letting blood
Quarantine or shutting gates to a city
Negative impact on the economy?
P. 347
More efficient balance between labor, land and capital compared to overcrowding before
Inflation accompanied by labor shortages which allowed for better wages, and higher standard of living
Religious remedies: ask for forgiveness, prayer, trust in God, donations and live better lives; Live virtuously
Murder of Jews who “poisoned the water”
Used rivers to bury people; killed fleas

9. PERSIA
Create columns for each of the following headings and list at least three consequences under each heading
Politics
Economy
Religion
Society and Culture
Ideas and Literature
Arts
Have them do in small groups…put them on board as class
Affected all social classes
Power vacuums
Spurred social mobility
Economic downturn and opportunity
Growing immunity
Rise in standards of hygiene

10. The Black Death: Good or Bad?
POSITIVE IMPACT
NEGATIVE IMPACT
Balance between labor, land, capital
Higher standard of living due to demand for higher wages; “Golden Age for peasants”
People lived in the moment and turned to religion
Death nearly 40% of Europe
Inflation
Murder of thousands of Jews
Flagellants moving from town to town

11. The Black Death:
Jean de Venette: “The Black Death” pg
Answer questions 1-2 on page 292
After question 2, anything we need to add to our list?

12. Myths and Truths of Medicine
p. 346
What does image suggest about care for plague victims?
Do conditions shown at this hospital suggest that there is hope for these patients?
Crowded: People and beds
Care from clergy: nuns and religious women
Bleak outlook: Increase spreading, quite sickly
How does allegorical depiction of the nuns shown here explain how medieval people understood the plague?
No idea of bacteria or virus or how they were transmitted
Punishment or judgment by God
Nuns: Justice -> the righteous and good were spared or would recover
Truths:
Hippocratic Medicine: four humors (blood, phlegm, bile, black bile)
treatment focused on balance – diet, massage, herbs, enemas
Knew how to set bones, excise tumors, and amputate
14th century in France, learned anatomy through dissection and observation
Still way behind China, India and Islamic world

13. The Triumph of Death by Flemish Painter Pieter Bruegel, mid 16th Century
-Army of Skeletons wreaking havoc advancing on living who flee or fight
-scorched, barren earth
-People herded into trap decorated with crosses
-People of all different social backgrounds

14. Review Two causes of the Black Death Consequences?
Impact of religion on society throughout the duration of the Black Death?
Who were flagellants?
2 Theories: Disease  Church
Punishment from God  Doctors

15. The Hundred Years War Causes: English Successes:
What are some commonalities between the Hundred Years War and military conflicts today?
English Successes:
Who was Henry V and what was the impact of his life and death in the Hundred Years War?
Joan of Arc and France’s Victory:
Why did Charles refuse to ransom Joan? Why do you think he called for a new trial in 1456?
Aftermath:
Which country was in better shape economically and politically after the war?

16. The Hundred Years War England vs. France: 1337 – 1453 Main causes:
Aquitaine…English or French Territory?
English King, Edward III claims French throne b/c his mother is Isabella
Territory in Flanders (Belgium today); wealthy French cloth producing territory
French Civil War? Why?
Growing nationalism due to propaganda
English had become Dukes of Aquitaine when Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine so lands in Aquitaine were held by English as vassalage to French Crown.
Aquitane: Treaty of Paris signed in 1259 made it English territory but as a vassal of French crown. In 14th century, French kings absorbed it into kingdom.
Philip VI confiscates Aquitane after Edward pays homage; violation of 1259 treaty
Edward III didn’t see himself as subordinate to Philip and Philip took land saying Edward had breached terms of contract of vassalage.
French Civil War: Burgundy fought for English so France wouldn’t centralize power

17. French and English Throne
Philip the Fair is Philip IV…ends the Capetian dynasty
Philip VI: 1328 – 1350
John II: 1350 – 1364 (son of Phil)
Charles V: 1364 – 1380 (son of Phil)
Charles VI: (son of Charles V)
Charles VII: 1422 – 1461 (Son of Charles VI)
Edward III: 1327 – 1377
Richard II: 1377 – 1399 (Grandson to Ed III)
Henry IV: 1399 – 1413 (Grandson to Ed III)
Henry V:
Henry VI: 1422 – 1461 and

18. The Hundred Years War French English Advantages 3 times the population
$$$$
Fighting on home-turf
Good royal leadership
Disciplined, National Army
Long bow  2.5x farther
Disadvantages
Transition from feudal society (no national army and dukes don’t send troops)
Borrowed heavily and deep in debt
Mediocre royal leadership
Troops and supplies have to cross the channel
Royal Leadership was Edward III: excellent strategist and great with tactics of war
Phillip didn’t get throne through succession so he doubted himself and hesitated to ask his former peers for money
French let anyone join army and English had sharpened their English armies and tactics; professional companies of pikemen and longbowmen
1302: Battle of Courtrai: King of France tries to squelch a Flemish revolt and is defeated…infantrymen on foot used

19. Phase 1 of The Hundred Years War
English win Battle of Sluis
Naval battle in 1340 and takes control of port of Calais in 1346
Truce called in 1347 … Why?
1360: Treaty to end fighting:
English owns Port of Calais and ends vassalage to France
French pay ransom for England to renounce claim to French throne
P 350
Sloys
Cal A
1360: Treaty of Bretegny

20. Phase 2 of The Hundred Years War
Henry V is King of England and English win battle of Agincourt in 1415 due to longbow
Burgundy: join French after Agincourt but then Duke is assassinated in 1419 and they join English forces
Treaty of Troyes in 1420: ends second phase and disinherits French King Charles VI’s son from throne and gives it to Henry V’s son
In 1422, Charles and Henry V both die and Henry VI becomes King of England and France as an infant
Dual Monarchy, only recognized by Burgundians and English until 1435
Henry V is Charles VI’s son-in-law, Married Catherine
Not even 1 year old
A zhin core

21. Phase 3 of The Hundred Years War
Story of Joan of Arc
Break siege at Orleans in 2 weeks … had been under siege for 16 months
Charles VII becomes King in 1429 thanks to Joan
Joan is captured and Charles VII does nothing to save her
By 1453, French beat English back to coast and Burgundians are back supporting French throne
Or Lay on
Assignment on WHO IS THE REAL JOAN OF ARC?

22. Venn Diagram
Compare and Contrast the consequences of the Hundred Years’ War on England and France.

23. Devastated French Economy
France
England
Consequences
Devastated French Economy
Created Nation of France – became more French but still split
Financial loss and wool priced out of export market
Strengthened military power of state
Technology in weapons
Parliament
Masters of the sea
War of the Roses: York v Lancaster
War of Roses leads to Henry Tudor begins Tudor Dynasty (From Lancaster)
White house of York against Red House of Lancaster: Winner = Lancaster
As war dragged on, King turned to aristocratic families for money and granted them great deal of power at home. They created their own armies and fought amongst themselves during time of weak kings to determine successor.
Meetings of the Commons led to Parliaments approval of non-feudal levies

24. Babylonian Captivity
Pope Boniface VIII dies and Clement V settles in Avignon as new pope
Avignon Papacy reformed financial administration and centralized its gov’t; focused on bureaucratic matters and not spiritual objectives
Longer it remains in Avignon, more power King gets
1377: Pope Gregory XI goes back to Rome
Urban VI becomes Pope and pushes for reform
Secular rulers always fighting so Boniface dies and Philip the Fair of France gets Clement to come to France
While in Avignon, Popes focusing on raising financial power of the church through Indulgences to reduce the time a person spends in purgatory and through sale of church offices, benefices; collect a tax to appoint bishops
Urban attacks clerical luxury and threatens certain cardinals with excommunication
Urban becomes very paranoid and attacks clerical luxury, denounces names of Cardinals and they go to Rome to figure out way to get rid of him,
They elect new pope, Clement VII

25. Great Schism England German emperor Any enemies of France France
URBAN VI AT ROME
CLEMENT VII AT AVIGNON
England
German emperor
Any enemies of France
France
Aragon
Castile
Portugal
Scotland
Italian City-states
When a bishop dies, successor is appointed by Pope…which one?
-To whom did taxes go?
-Who received income from sale of indulgences or benefices
-Did appeals in Church courts go to Rome or Avignon?
-Everyone was excommunicated…could anyone be saved?
Common People become confused with who is legitimate and their view of the church is destroyed

26. Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism
Conciliarists: Reform of the church could best be achieved through periodic assemblies, or councils representing all the people
William of Occam: separation
Marsiglio of Padua: church subordinate to state
John Wycliffe: p
Scripture alone should be standard of Christian belief and Popes had no secular authority
Translated Bible into English for first time
Lollards were his followers (role of women?)
Popes opposed conciliarism b/c it said that Pope didn’t have authority
William thought papal court at Avignon were heretics; separation of church and state
Marsiglio: Defensor Pacis: church should be subordinate to state
Wycliffe more extreme than conciliarists

27. Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism:
Jan Hus
Declared indulgences useless and denied Papal authority
Council of Pisa 1409
Elect John XXIII as pope… however, 1 minor problem
Council of Constance
End the Schism: Martin V ( )
Reform the Church
Wipe out heresy: Jan Hus
Martin dissolved the council
Hus: Called for translations into Czech language
Note what happened to Jan Hus: allowed freedom to go, burned at stake for heresy when he arrived at Council of Constance
Pronunciation: Yawn Hoose
Takes forever to elect so finally: locked in room and removed from rest of the world…after two weeks, lose meat, two more they are down to bread and wine and two more they will take the ceiling off the Sistine Chapel
Goals of Council:
-End the Schism
-Reform the Church
-Wipe out heresy

28. GREAT SCHISM

29. Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism: 1309-1376
Result of the Great Schism
Weakened spiritual mystique of the clergy
Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life
Take Christ as model and live simple life
People’s perception of their own spiritual power was influenced greatly
Brethren: Holland
Perception: no longer need a pope to talk to God

30. Individuals in Society: Meister Eckhart p. 359
Why was his preaching threatening to leaders of the church?
Why might mysticism have been attractive to pious Christians?

31. Individuals in Society: Meister Eckhart p. 359
Why was his preaching threatening to leaders of the church?
Emphasis on individual, egalitarian spirituality
Any person can reach out to God through simple prayer
No need for priest as intermediary to God
Why might mysticism have been attractive to pious Christians?
More spiritual, less political
Direct route to God and avoided issues of Church

32. Social Unrest Peasant Revolts and Urban Conflicts: 358- 361
Sex in the City:
Fur-Collar Crime, Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions, and Literacy and Vernacular Literature:
In your group, read your section and be able to explain it to the class
Create new groups with 2 people

33. Social Unrest Questions
What was the Jacquerie?
What caused the English Peasants’ Revolt?
How did the marital patterns of the people impact life at this time?
What was the view on same-sex marriages?
Jacquerie: French peasant uprising b/c taxed for 100 years war
English Peasants’ Revolt: peasants demanding higher wages due to black death but Statute of Laborers froze wages
-Reimposition of tax on all adult males
Marital patterns: fewer children for women, some men prohibited from marriage so lot of men with no family and were leaders of revolts and turned to prostitutes, took sex by force
Against same sex marriages

34. Social Unrest Questions
Why were nobles forced to turn to crime?
What is legal dualism?
What was Statute of Kilkenny?
What is importance of Divine Comedy and Canterbury Tales?
Fixed income and inflation hurt them – operated like the Mafia
Legal Dualism: native peoples remained subject to traditional laws, newcomers brought new laws
Kilkenny: no marriages between immigrants and natives; English and Irish
Divine Comedy: Dante Alighieri: realms of Hell, Purgatory and Paradise; in Italian; criticizes Church
Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales: view of social life

35. Role of Women
Based on the textbook, the readings in Volume I on pages , Sources of Western Society pages , and Listening to the Past on page 362, create a strong thesis answering the following writing prompt…
Compare and contrast the role of women in the middle ages to that of women today.
Create mini-outline for how you would set your FRQ up (what are your arguments, what evidence)

36. Listening to the Past: pg 362
How would you describe Christine’s view of the ideal artisan’s wife?
The regulations of craft guilds often required that masters who ran workshops be married. What evidence does Christine’s advice provide for why guilds would have stipulated this?
How are economic and moral virtues linked for Christine?
Encouraging and motivating, knowledgeable and involved, advice-giving, kind and welcoming, frugal, nurturing to children
Assistance in running and maintaining a business: business partners
Closely: faithful to wife by staying home, save money, economic success; moral woman educates children so they serve god; moral education also allows them to become successful in a trade

37. Review Question
Why did a division in the papacy mean both political chaos and spiritual fear for Europeans?