1. HAPPY TUESDAY! This week: Monday/Tuesday – Native American Culture
Tuesday – JAG session 2 – Non AP Euro intervention – FIXED FORUM
Wednesday/Thursday – Summer Reading Socratic Seminar; books; credit options
Wednesday night – Back to School night for parents (I’ll introduce credit options)
Friday – Skills Day: Multiple Choice and Short Answer Introduction
Please have out on your desk your Course Framework packet as well as paper for your first set of NOTES 

2. Indigenous Peoples of North America
Native Americans
Period 1

3. Regional indigenous societies

4. Indigenous Peoples in the Classic and Post-Classic Era
Throughout the Classic and Post-Classic Mesoamerican period Native American life grew and adapted at a very accelerated rate.
~0-1000CE
~ CE
Variation of Indigenous Peoples based in part on interactions with the environment and each other:…
Social Structures
Matriarchal and Patriarchal
Political Structures
Treaties, leaders
Economic & Societal Organization
Welfare Systems
Tool and Weaponry Innovation
Etc.

5. Significance of Maize
Probably domesticated in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico
Original form long extinct, could no longer exist as a wild plant in its present form, started as a wild grass cultivated into maize, originally had only 8 rows of kernels
Probably originally used by Mayan, Aztec, Incas, (all in Mexico) and some Pueblo (southwest US)
Allowed families to live in one place, but time commitment to development was significant
Maize slowly began to move north, arriving in New England about 1,000 years ago, and up to the St. Lawrence
First product that could afford a surplus and therefore be stored, sold, and traded allowing for a more complex and advanced economy in native societies
Husks often used to produce other goods (bags, shoes, etc.)
Arrival of corn explains much about the rate of development of different Native societies; nation-states (such as Mayan and Inca) only really available once the mass crop is available

6. Prior to Contact: Great Basin
Archetypal group:
Ute
Travel and camp in familiar sites, created specific trails, namely the Ute Trail
As hunter gatherers, movement allowed site to replenish
Both men and women hunted (women=smaller game)
Also gathered wild plants to supplement nutrition
Bear dance in spring after winter rest

7. Prior To Contact: The Plains
Archetypal group: Dakota Sioux
Sioux tribe consisted of Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota
The Plains stretch from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
The areas had large herds of buffalo which provided abundant food.

8. Prior To Contact: Northeast
Archetypal group:
Iroquois
Lived in area rich in rivers and forests
The Iroquois, led by Hiawatha and Deganawidah, created the only real North American empire outside Mexico/Peru: Iroquois Confederacy
group of 5 tribes (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas) in New York state
Main function was defense
Each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest.
They were matrilineal, men dominated society, but owed positions to their wives’ family’s prominence
Economies: mixed hunter-gatherer and agricultural, sedentary
Long houses up to 200 ft. long w/ up to 5 fireplaces for 2 families

9. Prior to Contact: Mississippi Mound Builders
Archetypal group:
Cahokia
Cahokia Mound Site in STL
Large urban center for mound building cultures of the Midwest/Mississippi
Home to up to 40,000 people at height, with surrounding farm communities
Waste and lack of food made for difficult living
Large mound build over centuries 10 stories tall, nearby plaza for game playing and social activities
Mounds were used for burials or ceremonies. Homes were made of surrounding materials.

10. Prior To Contact: Northwest Coast
Archetypal group: Chinook
The Native Americans of the Northwest had no need to farm, but they were not nomadic.
The land was full of animals; the sea was full of fish. Most of the villages were located near the Ocean.
Wood was plentiful, and the natives of the areas used the woods to build longhouses, home to up to 50 people.
One of the unique innovations of the Indigenous Peoples of the Northwest was the large canoe that could hold 50+ people.
They were carved out of redwoods.
Very stratified society – caste system, upper class was warriors and shamans, segregated groups and even children
Practiced slavery (used other Natives)
Head flattening for children (flatter head = higher social status)
Lewis/Clark Journal

11. Prior To Contact: The Southwest
Archetypal group: Pueblo
(village in Spanish)
The Natives of the Southwest were divided into two groups some were hunter/gathers and some were farmers.
The Pueblos were skilled farmers (maize)
These Pueblos used irrigation canals to bring water for their farming.
The Apache and Navajo entered the southwest around 1500 and were hunter-gatherers.
Permanent, apartment-like dwellings
Pueblo villages were self-governing, run by a governing chief
Known for making beautiful pottery and baskets

12. Prior to Contact: Southeast
Archetypal group:
Cherokee
Agricultural villages, 200 each with houses and a counsel house (made of branches and mud)
“three-sisters” farming: corn, beans, squash)
Also hunter-gatherer
Leadership would change according to circumstance. Red leaders (war) or White leaders (peace)
Villages only met for ceremonies or war

13. Making Contact

14. Contact Continues

15. Why did the “Age of Exploration” Occur?
End of the “Dark Ages”
Renaissance
Printing Press
Gun powder
Emergence of Nation-States
What was the motivation of the individual explorer, conquistador, monarch?
Materialism, personal wealth
Glory, personal fame
Religion, conversion of the “heathens” to Christianity – different types depending on new factions in Christianity
Nationalism, promoting the wealth and power of the nation
Scientific Curiosity
Leads to fierce competition among leading European nation-states

16. What made the “Age of Exploration” Possible?
Major scientific advances allow for more adventurous exploring
Sextant
Used for measuring accurate distances
Joint-Stock Companies
Early versions of corporations

18. Columbian Exchange

19. The Exchange

20. The Columbian Exchange

21. How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture?
Settlement patters
Economic
Introduction of horses, cows, and oxen allow for greater movement among indigenous societies
Forced labor
Loss of Land
Political
Social
New loyalty to Spanish Crown (see Las Casas)
Intermarriage (more on that later)
Religious conversion
Indigenous society authority largely disregarded
Diminishing language, customs, religions
90% death rate in some areas
Loss of Liberty
Disease (swine flu, small pox, whooping cough, chicken pox)
War

22. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Food
Medicine
Corn
Vitamins
Tomatoes
Anesthetics for Surgery and Dentistry
Peppers
Cocaine and derivatives
Chocolate
Muscle relaxants
Pineapples
Curare
Expectorants for cold remedies
Sweet Potatoes
Guafenisen
Potatoes ***
Poison treatment
Ipecac
Health, Nutrition
Malaria
Economic
“Fever Bark” - Quinine
Analgesics
Aspirin
All of this spurs rapid population growth in Europe, pushing more individuals into the marketplace!

23. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Money
Three times the gold and silver in Europe
Inflation
More money in more hands …
… More People wanting more goods …
… More People making more goods …
… Industrial Revolution
Shifts Europe from feudalism to capitalism!

24. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Shift to capitalism and more open markets hence opportunities for wealth building leads to the “First Great Divergence”
This theory suggests that all old world regions (European, Asian, Russian, Middle Eastern, etc.) were on a relatively level playing field
Opening of exchange with the Western Hemisphere allows for the first real jump of one of the regions, Europe, and allowing for a massive acceleration of one group overs
Also known as the European Miracle
Within Europe, the competition nations push outward toward Empire Building

25. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Recreation
Lacrosse
Tobacco
Chocolate
Government?!?
Iroquois Confederacy

26. Labor in the new world

27. Ruling Colonial Territory
Why spend so much time talking about Spanish conquistadors/explorers? 
Audiencias had authority under the general Counsel of the India, all under the Spanish royal authority
Audencias had legislative, executive, and judicial functions to try and bring the conquistadors under Spanish royal authority
Viceroyalty of Spain, a Spanish colonial administrative court, names this territory New Spain
Viceroyalty of Peru, also a Spanish administrative body, runs most of South America

28. Encomienda System
Roots in the feudal system of Europe, conqueror wins territory and tax paying tributes in exchange for defense
Encomiendas were formal tracts of land paid to Spanish citizens and the Repartmento system was the process of assigning native labor to each encomiendor
Natives were to provide goods, metals, money, and labor
Spanish were to provide protection, Christian religion, defense of the area, taxes to the Crown
Most Encomiendas had a church and organized the surrounding land into parishes
Native population declines so drastically that Native labor is replaced by African labor
Intended to be for conversion to Catholism (and were only supposed to be incharge until natives became Catholics), but later economically exploited
Spanish Crown encouraged intermarrying, as a means to assimilation
Crown will try to intervene, partially because of the urging of Las Casas

29. Controversy of Treatment: Valladolid Debate
August 1550, 5 day debate in Valladolid, Spain
De Las Casas, arguing Amerindians were free and Catholic doctrine argued for equal treatment, and scholar Juan Gines de Sepulveda, arguing that Catholic doctrine supported punishing natives for ‘committing crimes against nature’ and slavery was appropriate
Official Council of the Indies never declared winner. However, both men claimed victory

30. “New Laws” of 1542
New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians passed in 1542
Intended to drastically limit the power of the Encomendors
Laws said: no enslavement of Indians, formally stated Indians were free persons, encomiendors could no longer require tributes, if Indians worked, they needed to be paid, encomienda grants could not be passed down upon death, Indians shouldn’t work in mines unless ‘absolutely necessary’
When the Viceroy of Peru tried to enforce, the Encomendors rebelled and killed Viceroy chair, so the Viceroy of New Spain decided not to enforce them
All of these laws were eventually revoked by Mixed historical reviews on their effectiveness depending on the position. Did allow for the release of many Indian slaves, but the Spanish still needed labor.
Dominicans will continue pushing for reforms.

31. Mission System
The mission system will eventually replace the encomiendas (late 1700s)
Started by mostly Franciscans and Jesuits, Spain had 3 goals:
Education (literacy)
Gain tax base
Conversion to Christianity
These missions will continue, particularly in places like California, until its annexation into the US
Missions would baptize natives first, then force them to attend daily religious services and labor

32. Spanish/Portuguese search for labor
Portuguese had been using African slave labor on their colonies off the coast of Africa to farm sugar for a couple hundred years at this point.
Need for labor - support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources
Dramatic forced labor of indigenous societies, accompanied by a tremendous reduction in population leads to a hunt for new labor (see Las Casas)
As minerals were extracted and land producing fewer natural resources, Spanish colonists transitioned into sugar production, leading to a massive plantation system in the new world (see Columbian Exchange article)

33. A New Issue?
The Colombian Exchange also introduced the slave trade which would be central to the development of economic structures, social hierarchies, and human relations for …

34. Extraction of Africans
Spanish and Portuguese traders reached West Africa and partnered with some African groups to exploit local resources and recruit slave labor for the Americas
Example: Portuguese King Manuel I (who will marry Isabella and Ferdinand’s daughter, responsible for Vasco de Gama and discovery of Brazil) and Congo King Affonoso entered symbiotic relationship.
Congo sells lower class African citizens to King Manuel as prisoners of war for shipment as slaves
Evidence of letters where they address one another as ‘brothers’ and would send one another extravagant gifts.
Eventually Affonoso tried to break ties, but too late
Similar agreements in Nigeria and Ghana

35. Casts System aka Spanish Caste System
3 present ‘races’ in North America: Spanish, Amerindian, African
Peninsulares – Born in Spain, living in the Americas
Criollos – pure Spanish blood, born in the Americas
Mestizos – mixed race of Native American and Spanish, born in the Americas, Bearing Spanish names, they became the backbone of the Spanish empire in the Americas. Mestizos made up the majority of conscripts in the army; they became artisans, traders, and local officials.
Mulattos – typically classified as the first generation of Spanish and African mix
Indios – Native Americans
Africans/Negros – most first generation in the Americans were slaves, but there were many free-black communities, who because of their close social ties to slavery, were in this caste level, as well
Zambo – Amerindian and Negro mix

36. Casts System aka Spanish Caste System
3 present ‘races’ in North America: Spanish, Amerindian, African
Peninsulares – Born in Spain, living in the Americas
Criollos – pure Spanish blood, born in the Americas
Mestizos – mixed race of Native American and Spanish, born in the Americas, Bearing Spanish names, they became the backbone of the Spanish empire in the Americas. Mestizos made up the majority of conscripts in the army; they became artisans, traders, and local officials.
Mulattos – typically classified as the first generation of Spanish and African mix
Indios – Native Americans
Africans/Negros – most first generation in the Americans were slaves, but there were many free-black communities, who because of their close social ties to slavery, were in this caste level, as well
Zambo – Amerindian and Negro mix

37. Sambo, 1770
Little Black Sambo

38. Amerindians and Africans struggle for autonomy
In spite of slavery, Africans’ cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy
Examples: (think Salem Witch Trials influence)
Syncretic Religions formed
Santeria – Yoruba and Catholicism
Louisiana Voodoo -
Language
Formation of pidgin languages
Runaway slaves would often form maroon communities, particularly in the Caribbean, armed groups often run to smaller islands or eventually conquered
Some major rebellion stories such as the Amistad (1840)

39. Additional Things To Know
Ferdinand & Isabella
Coronado
Cortes
Moctezuma
Incas
Aztecs
Treaty of Tordesilla
Bartolome de Las Casas