1. Conceptualizing writing an original research paper
Prof. (Dr). S. Chandrashekara MD, CRICR

2. Original article
A form of academic writing, usually between five and fifteen pages long, A research paper (also known as a term paper) requires students to locate information about a topic (that is, to conduct research), take a stand on that topic, and provide support (or evidence) for that position in an organized report.
A scholarly article that contains the results of original research or an evaluation of research conducted by others. Most scholarly articles must undergo a process of peer review before they can be accepted for publication in an academic journal.

3. Original work Any thing done by the researcher Primary source
Not necessary a new idea
Not necessary an out of the box concept
Invention discovery and expalination

4. Writing the Research Report/paper is…
Having done that……
Writing the Research Report/paper is…
The purpose of the original paper is to present the results of your research, but more importantly to provide a persuasive argument to what you have found and not to argue what you believed right.

5. Components of an original Paper
Title
Abstract
Table of Contents
Introduction and Literature Survey
Theoretical Analysis
Empirical Testing
Conclusions
References

6. Introduction
The purpose of the introduction to the research report is to provide the rationale for the research. This rationale should address four issues:
What is the nature of the issue or problem the research investigates?
Why is this worthy of investigation?

7. Introduction
What have previous researchers discovered about this issue or problem?
What does your research attempt to prove?

8. General Strategies for Writing the Introduction
Use the literature review to
Establish importance of research area
Explain logic behind hypothesis
State your hypothesis
Outline your introduction. Outline should include headings such as:
Overview of past research
Hypotheses

9. Specific Strategies for Writing Introduction Sections for Different Types of Studies
Exploratory study*
Direct replication*
Systematic replication*
Conceptual replication*
Replication and extension*
Theory testing study*

10. Exploratory study
Show that despite the fact that the area has not been researched, the area is important
Spell out the reasoning for your hypotheses

11. Direct replication Spell out importance of original study
Explain why results might not replicate

12. Systematic replication
Explain why your study is better than the original

13. Conceptual replication
Explain why your study is better than the original
May be helpful to cite literature that backs your assertion

14. Replication and extension
Same arguments as for replication +
Explain predictions for moderating or mediating variables

15. Theory testing study Don’t attack a straw theory
Spell out how your prediction follows from theory

16. DATA or AUDIT report Why data collected The objective of audit
Adding to data
Difference in data

17. Writing the Method Section
Participants--who, how many, how recruited
Procedure--what happened from the participants’ perspective. If applicable, include
Differences between conditions
Sample items from questionnaire

18. Subject selection Inclusion and exclusion Random or sequential
Addressing bias if any done
If chart review- method of selecting chart
Completeness of chart
Criteria to be used with any modification

19. Test and investigation
New non routine tests or investigation should be briefly mentioned of its method eg as per manufacturer. Batch no and source of provider
Regular tests if there are methods should be mentioned like ELISA vs IF in ANA. Remember only if it is critical in your study…

20. Survey instrument.. Patients fills it or interview based
Standardized to population in question
Earlier done reference
If new instrument procedure to standardise should be mentioned

21. Nutshell.. Should convey in brief as it is done
a mention the reference from where already standardized methods used

22. Statistical method used if any..

23. Writing the Results Section
This is the heart of the work
This should faithfully represent your observation and results
Use both tabular column, text and graphs and picture to bring them into the view of the readers

24. Writing the Results Section
Start off simple
Don’t report results--analyze them
Only include analyses, numbers, and statistics that make a point
Tell the reader what the point is--Explain why the analysis was done and what the results mean
Focus on the hypothesis

25. Writing the Discussion Section
Did the results support the hypothesis?
What do the results mean in terms of the points you brought up in your introduction?
What are the limitations of your study or alternative explanations for your results?
What explanations do you have for any unexpected findings?
What directions do you see for future research?
What are the practical or theoretical implications of your findings?

26. Writing the Discussion Section
Relate predicted results to the hypothesis
Relate predicted results to previous research and theory
Discuss limitations of study
Discuss follow-up studies
Stress importance of remembering or building on study’s main findings

27. Final Touches Title page- Simple title is best
Abstract--Brief summary of the paper, 6 sentences summarizing introduction, method, results, and discussion
References--Organization can avoid accusations of plagiarism
Review paper to ensure that it is in APA style

28. Writing the Research Report
What stays the same or changes very little from the research proposal*
Writing the results section*
Writing the discussion section*

29. What Stays the Same or Changes Very Little
Title page and References
No changes
Abstract
Add sentence to describe main results
Method section
Reflect changes in procedure
Reflect number and type of participants
Change to past tense

30. Conclusions
The purpose of this part of the research report is to summarize your findings, that is, to restate your argument and conclude whether or not it is valid. In light of the statistical results, what can you infer about your hypothesis? To what extent did your empirical testing confirm your analysis?

31. The Most Frequently Asked Question!
Students frequently ask how many sources should be included in the literature survey.

32. The Answer
It depends on how many major studies have been completed on the topic. If you only report one or two sources, readers may suspect that you have not put enough effort into searching the literature. You don’t want to miss a major study, since at best it will make you look careless and at worst it may weaken the rationale for your research.

33. First Paragraph and Introduction
Yes
Needs Work
Introductory sentence is interesting
The thesis sentence is specific
The thesis statement makes a clear declaration that I back up with examples
Body Paragraphs
Does each paragraph begin with a good topic sentence?
Do I provide clear evidence to support my thesis?
Have I used examples with citations evenly throughout the work?
Do my paragraphs flow in a logical manner?
Have I used clear transition sentences?
Paper Format
Title page meets assignment requirements
Page numbers are in the right location on the page
Page numbers start and stop on the right pages
Each citation has a bibliography entry
In-text citations checked for proper formatting
Proofreading
I've checked for confusing word errors
I've checked for logical flow
My summary restates my thesis in different words
Meeting the Assignment
I mention previous research or positions on this topic
My paper is the right length
I've used enough sources
I've included the required variety of source types

34. First few steps are the reason for your long successful journey