1. Chapter 9 The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200-1200

2. Baghdad Bookstore
Baghdad Bookstore: With the advent of papermaking, manufacturing books became increasingly common and inexpensive. As a result, bookstores also became more common. Notice how books are shelved on their sides in wall cubicles.
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3. The Sasanid Empire, 224–651 Politics and Society Centralized control
Connections: Silk Road, Byzantine Empire
Religion and Empire
Contrast with Byzantine
Zoroastrianism / Christianity
State, religion and identity

4. Sasanid Silver Plate with Gold Decoration
Sasanid Silver Plate with Gold Decoration: The Sasanid aristocracy, based in the countryside, invested part of its wealth in silver plates and vessels. This image of a Sasanid king hunting on horseback also reflects a favorite aristocratic pastime.
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5. Chronology of The Arab Lands and Iran and Central Asia
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The Arab Lands
Iran and Central Asia
200
Life of the Prophet Muhammad
Sasanid Empire
600
634 Conquests of Iraq and Syria commence
Conquest of Egypt by Arabs
Ali caliph; first civil war
Umayyad Caliphate rules from Damascus
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700
711 Berbers and Arabs invade Spain from North Africa
750 Beginning of Abbasid Caliphate
755 Umayyad state established in Spain
Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid
711 Arabs capture Sind in India
747 Abbasid revolt begins in Khurasan
800
Abbasid capital moved from Baghdad to Samarra
875 Independent Samanid state founded in Bukhara
900
909 Fatimids seize North Africa, found Shi'ite Caliphate 929 Abd al-Rahman III declares himself caliph in Cordoba
945 Shi'ite Buyids take control in Baghdad
969 Fatimids conquer Egypt
945 Buyids from northern Iran take control of Abbasid Caliphate
1000
1055 Seljuk Turks take control in Baghdad
1099 First Crusade captures Jerusalem
1171 Fall of Fatimid Egypt
1187 Saladin recaptures Jerusalem
1250 Mamluks control Egypt
1258 Mongols sack Baghdad and end Abbasid Caliphate 1260 Mamluks defeat Mongols at Ain Jalut
1036 Beginning of Turkish Seljuk rule in Khurasan
This table shows the chronology of the Arab Lands and Iran and Central Asia between 200 and 1000.
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6. The Origins of Islam Succession to Muhammad The Caliphate The Umayya
Sunnis, Shi’ites and Kharijites

7. Early Expansion of Muslim Rule
Map 9.1. Early Expansion of Muslim Rule: Arab conquests of the first Islamic century brought vast territory under Muslim rule, but conversion to Islam proceeded slowly. In most areas outside the Arabian peninsula, the only region where Arabic was then spoken, conversion did not accelerate until the third century after the conquest. © Cengage Learning
Map 9.1 p249

8. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258
The Islamic Conquests, 634–711
Syria to Spain
Arab society and conquest
Regular armies and minority rule

9. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258, continued
The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates,
Umayyad
An Arab, not Islamic, empire
Use of Byzantine/Sasanid structures
Abbasid
Rulership and ceremony
Baghdad and Islamic culture

10. Political Fragmentation, 850-1050
Decline of the Abbasids
Problems of control
Mercenaries and Mamluks
Provincial/Regional Regimes
Ghana
Islamic Spain
Ulama
Identity and scholarship

11. Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate
Map 9.2. Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate: Though Abbasid rulers occupied the caliphal seat in Iraq from 750 to 1258,when Mongol armies destroyed Baghdad, real political power waned sharply and steadily after 850. The rival caliphates of theFatimids (909–1171) and Spanish Umayyads (929–976) were comparatively short-lived.
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12. Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Fustat
Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Fustat. Completed in 877, this mosque symbolized Egypt becoming for the first time a quasi-independent province under its governor. The kiosk in the center of the courtyard contains fountains for washing before prayer. Before its restoration in the thirteenth century, the mosque had a spiral minaret and a door to an adjoining governor’s palace.
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13. Assault from Within and Without, 1050-1258
External Pressures
Seljuk Turks
The Crusades
Internal Deterioration
Baghdad
Irrigation failures/Food shortage
Lack of revenue

14. Tomb of the Samanids in Bukhar
Tomb of the Samanids in Bukhar. This early-tenth-century structure has the basic layout of a Zoroastrian fire temple: a dome on top of a cube. However, geometric ornamentation in baked brick marks it as an early masterpiece of Islamic architecture. The Samanid family achieved independence as rulers of northeastern Iran and western Central Asia in the tenth century.
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15. Spanish Muslim Textile of the Twelfth Century
Spanish Muslim Textile of the Twelfth Century. This fragment of woven silk, featuring peacocks and Arabic writing, is one of the finest examples of Islamic weaving. The cotton industry flourished in the early Islamic centuries, but silk remained a highly valued product. Some fabrics were treasured in Christian Europe.
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16. Islamic Civilization Law and Dogma Shari’a / hadith
Converts and Cities
Conversion and migration
Centers of learning

17. Islamic Civilization, continued
Women and Islam
No public role
Some rights
Property, divorce, pilgrimage
The Recentering of Islam
Caliphate decline
New authorities
Madrasas / Sufi brotherhoods
Pilgrimage and identity

18. Women Playing Chess in Muslim Spain
Women Playing Chess in Muslim Spain. As shown in this thirteenth-century miniature, women in their own quarters, without men present, wore whatever clothes and jewels they liked. Notice the henna decorating the hands of the woman in the middle. The woman on the left, probably a slave, plays an oud.
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19. Islamic Glassware.
Islamic Glassware. This glass bottle from Syria shows the skill of Muslim chemists and artisans in producing clear, transparent glass. The scratched decoration reflects the Muslim taste for geometric design.
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20. Quran Page Printed from a Woodblock
Quran Page Printed from a Woodblock. Printing from woodblocks or tin plates existed in Islamic lands between approximately 800 and Most prints were narrow amulets designed to be rolled and worn around the neck in cylindrical cases. Less valued than handwritten amulets, many prints came from Banu Sasan con men. Why block-printing had so little effect on society in general and eventually disappeared is unknown.
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21. Muslim Head Coverings.
Muslim Head Coverings. The man standing before a governor in this thirteenth-century miniature painting wears a simple skullcap indicating his lowsocial status. The two attendants wear turbans, but the governor’s turban is built into a high, conical shape. The folds and tails of turbans signified not only rank, but also place of origin. To this day, men from western Afghanistan wear tightly wound white turbans with long tails while men from eastern Afghanistan wear loose colorful turbans.
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