1. Monroe’s Presidency 1817-1825 The last of the founding fathers…

3. The Era of Good Feelings
Monroe comes into office at a time of National unity and decreased political party conflict. There is no war and the nation is feeling good. This does not last … Sectionalism is beginning its rise. Sectionalism is a sense of loyalty to one’s state or region of the country first, before loyalty to the nation as a whole.

4. Sectionalism The Regional Leaders:
The South… John Calhoun
South Carolina
Defended
states rights
Supported the War of 1812

5. Sectionalism The Regional Leaders:
The North…Daniel Webster
New Hampshire
Favored more Federal power
Saw slavery as evil
Opposed the War of 1812

6. Sectionalism The Regional Leaders:
The West… Henry Clay
Kentucky
Favored a more active role for the federal government in promoting economic growth
Supported the War of 1812

7. Regional Interests
Each region had its own unique interests… The South had an interest in maintaining the practice of slavery and trade advantages with Europe that kept prices up on their cotton exports. Northerners were interested in support for manufacturing and blocking foreign competition from industries like textiles, and better transportation systems Westerners wanted government to promote economic development and transportation improvements to get their goods to more markets cheaply

8. Tariff of 1816
Sectional tensions increase with a tax on imports, aimed mainly at British manufactured goods, to protect American industry from this foreign competition. While northern factories benefitted, southern and western farmers lost money. The tariff drove up prices on domestic products such as iron and cotton (cloth). In response, Henry Clay proposes the American System

9. The American System Proposed by Henry Clay High Tariffs on Imports:
Helped Northern Factories
That wealth would be spent on Southern and Western goods
Reduced dependence on foreign goods
Money could be used to build transportation systems, roads, canals, bridges, etc., to make it cheaper to send goods to market

10. The American System How did it work out?
Congress spend very little on improvements
The South objected to paying for transportation systems that they did not benefit from
Many objected to the increase of federal power in regulating industry

11. The Court
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Concerned attempts by the states to regulate federal banks in their boarders. The court said that the states had no such power. Since Congress had the power to tax, the National Bank was “necessary and proper” in carrying out those powers. This decision backed the “loose interpretation” or construction of the Constitution. Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 This decision upheld federal power to regulate trade between states.

13. Freedom from Spain …
Latin American countries were engaged in independence movements from their Spanish rulers. Mexico- Priests Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos lead rebels against Spanish rule and in 1821, establish a Mexican Republic. South America- Revolutions led by people such as Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin lead to independence in much of the region. Florida- Andrew Jackson invades Florida with 3000 soldiers; Spain does little to resist. It results in a treaty with Spain's foreign minister Luis de Onis. John Quincy Adams, the secretary of State negotiates the Adams-Onis Treaty to buy Florida for 5 million dollars in 1821.

14. Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine declared the U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of European nations and warned them that no attempt should be made to regain control of the newly independent Latin America or to acquire new colonies. The Goal was to keep European powers out of the Western Hemisphere. America followed this doctrine for more that 100 years & successfully challenged European intervention several times.

15. The Missouri Compromise 1820
Passed by Congress on April 2, The measures provided for the admission of the of Maine as a free state and the Missouri territory without restriction on slavery. It outlawed slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel within the Louisiana Purchase lands but South of the parallel there were no restrictions on slavery. President James Monroe signed the legislation on April 6, 1820.

17. The election of 1824 was an example of SECTIONALISM.
Regions of the country had developed their own economies, cultural traits, and priorities, that influenced their interests and voting patterns.
The Federalist Party had been virtually wiped out by the time Madison was elected and the Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson’s Party) were in control.
In 1824, the Democratic-Republican Party was split along regional lines. Different parts/sections of the country supported different candidates that they felt would better represent their regional interests.

18. Election of 1824
The south supported William Crawford of Georgia, he had a long political career as a Senator, Ambassador to France, Secretary of War, and Secretary of the treasury. Southerners thought he would better represent their interests in cotton production and continued growth of slave labor.

19. Election of 1824
The west supported Henry Clay, Kentucky Senator and credited with the Missouri Compromise plan to maintain the balance of free and slave states, and Andrew Jackson, from Tennessee who was considered a hero for his victories in the War of Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay

20. Election of 1824
New England Supported John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, the son of 2nd President John Adams who had been Secretary of State for Monroe. He wanted to modernize the economy and promote education.

21. Election of 1824
Jackson won the popular vote but not enough electoral votes. The House of Representatives had to decide the winner from the top 3 vote earners: Jackson, Adams, and Crawford. Clay was fourth and so not in consideration but he felt that Adams would be closest to his own view points on important issues and so Clay threw his support behind Adams tipping the balance in Adams’ favor. When the House of Representatives voted, John Quincy Adams had become the 6th President.

22. J.Q. Adams’ Presidency
Many believed that Adams and Clay had struck a “corrupt bargain” in which Clay would support Adams in exchange for a cabinet posting. Clay was named Secretary of State under Adams; it is unknown if there was any such corrupt bargain but the accusations continued through Adams 4 years in office. Adams hoped to build roads and canals, modernize education and science and regulate natural resources but was largely unable to enact any of these policies because… Jackson felt the election had been stolen from him and Jackson supporters were a majority in the Congress that defeated all of Adams’ proposals making him a one term president.

23. Summary
Different sections of the country supported different candidates that they felt best represented their own regional interests. Cotton production in the south, land and transportation interests in the west, and business and economic improvements in the northeast were the primary issues. Jackson won the popular vote but not enough electoral votes so the House of Representatives had to choose the President. With Henry Clay’s support in the House, Adams was elected President and Clay became his Secretary of State. Jackson’s supporters accused Adams and Clay of a “corrupt bargain”; promising the Cabinet position to Clay in exchange for his support. Because the Congress was dominated by Jackson supporters, Adams was never able to see his policies through and only served one term.