1. The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790-1860)
Chapter 15

2. A. Reviving Religion Puritanical ideas dying in early 1800s
T. Paine’s Age of Reason & Deism
New denominations
Unitarians
Loving, one-person God

3. 2nd Great Awakening
Reaction against growing liberalism in religion

4. Evangelical protestants & the 2nd Great Awakening
Camp meetings & revivals
Charles Grandison Finney
Female movement- led to other movements
Baptists and Methodists

5. B. Denominational Diversity
Burned-Over District- Western NY
Hellfire and damnation
Millerites – date of Christ’s return?
Differences in classes & regions
Denominations split over slavery

6. C. A Desert Zion in Utah 1830- Joseph Smith & the golden tablets
Mormons hated by many
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Illinois

7. 1844- Smith killed
Brigham Young Utah

10. D. Free Schools for a Free People
Many against free public educ.
Argument for Universal manhood suffrage
Early schools & teachers
Early opponents of public education, why the change?

11. Horace Mann – “father of the American common school”
Noah Webster – the dictionary guy
William McGuffey – school reader

12. E. Higher Goals for Higher Learning
State-supported universities
UNC-1795
UVA- 1819
Women’s higher education
Travelling lecture series (lyceums)
Magazines

13. F. An Age of Reform Old Puritan vision
Women mainly involved (suffrage)
Debtor’s prison
Criminal codes- prisons
Aubrun reform
Peace Movement

14. Dorothea Dix

15. G. Demon Rum- The Old Deluder
Threatened safety of women & children
American Temperance Society- 1826
Moderate reform vs. prohibition
Realistic effects

16. H. Women in Revolt Women considered “perpetual minors”
Different gender roles
Cult of domesticity- glorified her role

17. Seneca Falls Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
Women’s Rights Convention (1848)
Seneca Falls
Declaration of Sentiments
abolition

18. I. Wilderness Utopias Cooperative/communistic societies
Robert Owen- New Harmony, IN (1825) – British socialist
Brook Farm, MA – first secular
New York’s Oneida Community- 1848
John Humphrey Noyes – silverware
“complex marriage”; “perfection”

19. Shakers- Mother Ann Lee (1770s)
Amana Colonies - Pietism
Fourier’s Phalanxes

21. K. Artistic Achievments
Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello & UVA
Artists went to England
Hudson River School of Art
Daguerreotype- 1839
Music

22. L. The Blossoming of a National Literature
Knickerbocker Group
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper- Last of the Mohicans
William Cullen Bryant- poet

23. M. Transcendentalism Truth comes from an “inner light”
Individualism & self-reliance
Simplistic beauty of nature
Ralph Waldo Emerson- poet & essay writer
Henry David Thoreau- Walden, Civil Disobedience
Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass

24. O. Literary Individualists & Dissenters
Edgar Allen Poe- The Raven, The Gold Bug, The Fall of the House of Usher
Nathaniel Hawthorne- The Scarlet Letter
Herman Melville- Moby Dick

25. P. Portrayers of the Past
Early American Historians
George Bancroft
William H. Prescott
Francis Parkman
“northern” histories

26. Other Reforms
Sylvester Graham – whole wheat bread for good digestion – Graham Cracker
Curb lustful desires via diet
Amelia Bloomer

27. What motivated reformers?
Tyler (1944) – idealistic humanitarians
Recent years – desire of upper and middle class citizens to control the masses
Public schools “Americanize” immigrants
Penitentiaries control crime
Control drinking of recent immigrants
More Whigs than Jacksonian Democrats
Dix – reforms would save public money in long run
Most successful reforms had broad support
-for a mix of reasons