1. Assist. Prof.Dr. Sajeda Al-Chalabi
Blood Types
Assist. Prof.Dr. Sajeda Al-Chalabi

2. Blood Types… There are four different types of blood
A, B, AB, O
They are determined by the antigen found on the RBC
Type A, has antigen A on the RBC
Type B, has antigen B on the RBC
Type AB, has both antigen A and B on the RBC
Type O, has neither antigen on the RBC

4. Blood groups Type A would have B agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.
Type B would have A agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.
Type AB would not have agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.
Type O would have A and B agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.

6. ABO Group Antigen Present Antigen Missing Antibody Present A B Anti-B
Major ABO Blood Group
Forward blood grouping using anti-sera and red blood cells
ABO
Group
Antigen Present
Antigen Missing
Antibody Present A B
Anti-B
Anti-A O
None
A and B
Anti-A&B AB
If an antigen (Ag) is present on a patients red blood cells the corresponding antibody (Ab) will NOT be present in the patients plasma, under ‘normal conditions’.

7. Blood groups
Type O is the universal donor, since it does not have antigens on the surface of the RBC’s.
Type AB is the universal recipient, since it does not have agglutinins (antibody) in its plasma.

8. Average Percents…
Type O—45%
Type A—40%
Type B—11%
Type AB—4%

9. Rh positive or negative
Based on whether it has a antigen D
Rh+ has the antigen, Rh- does not have the antigen.

10. Pregnancy and blood type
Father is Rh+ blood
Mother is Rh–
Child could be Rh +.
1st pregnancy--if the baby is Rh +, then there are no complications.
However, the mother will start to develop antibodies against the Rh factor

11. Pregnancy
Second pregnancy, if the child is +, the mother’s antibodies can cross the placenta and start to attack the fetus’ blood cells, causing hemolysis.
Hemolysis--breakdown of RBC and the release of hemoglobin into the plasma which can damage organs.
This is called erythroblastosis fetalis,can cause severe anemia, jaundice possibly death.

13. Procedure: Use WBC pipette
Suck blood to 0.5 and dilute it with normal saline (0.9% NaCl) to 11
Shack for 10 seconds
Get rid of the first 4 drops
Put on the slid one drop of anti A, anti B , anti D ( keep a good space between each other
Add drop of the diluted blood on each anti
Mix with an applicator stick and wait for about 2 minutes
Examine by eye and by microscope

14. Blood type
Anti A
Anti B
Anti D A + - A+ A- B B+ B- AB
AB+
AB- o O+ O-

15. Cross match
We do blood typing & cross matching before blood transfusion.
Blood from the donor (contains antigen) to be mixed with the serum from the recipient who has the same blood group (contain antibodies).
If any reaction (agglutination) occurs , the blood considered to be incompatible
If no agglutination , the blood is compatible.