1. The History of Computing
Appendix A

2. Student Learning Outcomes
Describe some of the early “manual automation” computing devices
List the key people and their developments during the first generation of computing technologies
Describe some of the advances that came with the second generation of computing technologies
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3. Student Learning Outcomes
Define how the integrated circuit enabled both the third and fourth generations of computing technologies
Offer some insight concerning what the fifth generation of computing technologies will hold
Provide a brief historical perspective of the development of personal computers
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Introduction
Various forms of automation devices have been around for thousands of years.
Computers, as we know them, have only been around for about 50 years.
The widespread use of personal technologies is still very much in its infancy.
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A.1 When It All Began
Many early automation devices were really “manual” in that you had to move various parts to perform computations. These included:
Abacus
Slide rule
Napier’s Bones
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6. When It All Began (cont’d)
Later developments could perform calculations once you entered the appropriate information.
Mechanical calculator
Schickard’s Calculator
DeColmar’s Arithmometer
Charles Babbage’s Difference engine
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Charles Babbage
Developed the Difference engine in 1822
Developed the Analytical engine in 1834
Analytical engine – considered the precursor to modern computer technologies
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Herman Hollerith
Standardized the use of punch cards for the Census Bureau
Invented the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to process information on punch cards
His company became IBM in 1924
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9. A.2 First-Generation Computing
Started in the 1930s and 1940s
Partly because of World War II
Used the vacuum tube as the electronic basis for computers
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10. First-Generation Computing
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) first electronic computer to work in binary
MARK I first electromechanical computer (1944)
COLOSSUS device developed to decode messages of the ENIGMA
ENIGMA encoded messages that Allied forces could not decrypt by hand
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11. First-Generation Computing
ENIAC developed by a team of U.S. scientists in 1943 to compute missile trajectory tables
UNIVAC first commercially available computer (1951)
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12. A.3 Second-Generation Computing
Began in the late 1940s and lasted through the early 1960s
Its electronic basis was the transistor
Important developments
High-level programming languages
ASCII
Compatible computers
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13. A.5 Fourth-Generation Computing
Started in the mid 1970s and is where we are today
Electronic basis is very-large-scale integration (VLSI), thousands of integrated circuits on a single chip
With this, personal technologies became available (discussed later)
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14. A.6 Fifth-Generation Computing
Where we are moving to?
Marked by
Artificial intelligence the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behavior
Membrane-based technologies store and manipulate information in living tissue cells
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15. A.7 Personal Computer History
Mark-8 – first “kit” personal computer you had to assemble (1974)
MITS Altair – first commercially available computer kit (1975)
Apple I – released in 1977; had 4Kb of RAM and cost $700
IBM PC 5150 – released in 1981; had 4.77 MHz processor; had no hard disk
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16. Personal Computer History
You know the rest of the story
Microsoft became a big player
IBM lost to the clone market
Dell can make and ship you a computer in three days
Wireless and portable technologies are taking over
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