1. Levels of Analysis in Ethology

2. Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes

3. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms

4. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions

5. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions

6. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions
-nervous systems for
stimulus detection
-hormone systems for
adjusting response levels
-muscles for carrying out
responses

7. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
Historical
Pathways
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions
-nervous systems for
stimulus detection
-hormone systems for
adjusting response levels
-muscles for carrying out
responses

8. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
Historical
Pathways
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions
-nervous systems for
stimulus detection
-hormone systems for
adjusting response levels
-muscles for carrying out
responses
-evolutionary
development
of a trait

9. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
Historical
Pathways
Selective
Processes
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions
-nervous systems for
stimulus detection
-hormone systems for
adjusting response levels
-muscles for carrying out
responses
-evolutionary
development
of a trait

10. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
Historical
Pathways
Selective
Processes
-adaptive context ?
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions
-nervous systems for
stimulus detection
-hormone systems for
adjusting response levels
-muscles for carrying out
responses
-evolutionary
development
of a trait

11. Genetic/Developmental
Levels of Analysis in Ethology
Proximate Causes
Ultimate Causes
Genetic/Developmental
Mechanisms
Sensory/Motor
Mechanisms
Historical
Pathways
Selective
Processes
-adaptive context ?
-effects of heredity
-development of sensory-
motor systems
gene-environment
interactions
-nervous systems for
stimulus detection
-hormone systems for
adjusting response levels
-muscles for carrying out
responses
-evolutionary
development
of a trait
Why?
How?

12. Scientific Method
Make Observation

13. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation

14. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation
Test Hypothesis

15. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation
Pass
Test Hypothesis

16. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation
Pass
Test Hypothesis
Pass Many
Hypothesis Theory

17. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation
Pass
Test Hypothesis
Pass Many
Hypothesis Theory
Pass
Test Theory

18. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation
Pass
Test Hypothesis
Pass Many
Hypothesis Theory
Pass
Test Theory
Pass Many
Theory Law

19. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation
Pass
Test Hypothesis
Fail
Pass Many
Hypothesis Theory
Pass
Test Theory
Fail
Pass Many
Theory Law
Fail

20. Scientific Method Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to explain observation
Pass
Test Hypothesis
Fail
Pass Many
Hypothesis Theory
Pass
Test Theory
Fail
Pass Many
Theory Law
Fail

21. Tinbergen's Observations on the Bee Wolf - Philanthus triangulum
The Scientific Method
Tinbergen's Observations on the Bee Wolf - Philanthus triangulum
1.Observation - Female flies in a circle before going to hunt.
2. Hypothesis - Female is using landmarks to find the nest.
3. Prediction - Female will return to a landmark to find the nest.
4. Test - Place an artificial landmark around the nest and move it when the female is away
5. Result - Female orients to new landmark.
6. Confirm hypothesis

22. Historical Figures
1. Charles Darwin

23. Historical Figures
2. Lloyd Morgan

24. Historical Figures
3. Julian Huxley - Courtship habits of the great crested grebe

25. Historical Figures
4. J.B. Watson B.F.Skinner

26. Historical Figures
6. Karl von Frisch

27. Historical Figures
7. Konrad Lorenz

28. Historical Figures
8. Niko Tinbergen

29. Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology -1973
Konrad Lorenz
Karl von Frisch
Niko Tinbergen