1. Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Animal Behaviour

2. The beewolf wasp (Philanthus triangulum)

3. Beewolf wasp burrows

4. Niko Tinbergen: one of the founders of ethology

8. The Scientific Method Observation and causal question Hypothesis Predictions Test of predictions Conclusion

9. The Scientific Method Observation and causal question : Beewolves find the entrance to their own nests. How do they do it? Hypothesis : They use local landmarks as cues Predictions : If they use local landmarks then manipulating those landmarks should mislead them Test of predictions : Experiments Conclusion : Yes, local landmarks are used by beewolves as cues in finding own nest

10. Black-headed gull … and its chicks

12. The Scientific Method Observation and causal question - black headed gulls remove eggshells. Why did black headed gulls evolve behaviour of eggshell removal? Hypothesis - maybe this behaviour helps parent gulls to conceal their offspring from predators Predictions - if so, broken eggshells should help predators find food Test of predictions - experiment Conclusion - yes, eggshell removal appears to help parent gulls conceal offspring from predators

13. Proximate causesUltimate causes of behavour

14. Oystercatcher Black-headed gull Kittiwake

15. Oystercatcher Solitary nesting Nest predators Immediate eggshell removal Black-headed gull Group nesting Nest predation present Delayed eggshell removal Kittiwake Group nesting No nest predators No eggshell removal

16. Why do babies cry???