1. Starter Quran (Koran)- the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam.
Hajj- a pilgrimage to Makkah.
Shariah (Sharia)- a law code that provided Muslims a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives.
Caliph- a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims.
Jihad- “struggle in the way of God”
Shia (Shi’ite)- a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam.
Sunni- a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam.
Mosque- a Muslim house of worship.
Muhammad- the Founder of Islam.
Makkah (Mecca)- the Holy City of Islam.

2. The Rise of Islam

3. Geography Arabian Peninsula Harsh Climate: Arabian Desert
The desert people were nomads who herded animals from one oasis to another.
Africa, Asia, and Europe Meet: Cities and towns form along Oasis and Trade routes

4. Arabian Culture
Arab society developed into clans that cherished extended family networks.
Patriarchal-Male clan members advised the sheik (leader of the tribe).
Women could own and inherit property.
The primary role of the woman was to be a mother.

5. The city of Mecca became a caravan center even though it was not a fertile oasis.
Mecca was located at the intersection of two trade routes which made it a logical place for traders to stop and pray.
The Ka’aba

6. The Ka’aba

7. Muhammad the Prophet Muhammad was born around 570 AD.
He became an orphan at 6 years old.
Raised by his grandfather and uncle
He received very little formal education.
He became a great merchant.
Worked under a wealthy widow named Khadijah
Married her at the age of 25 (she was 40)
They had 3 sons and 4 daughters, but only one daughter (Fatimah) survived past childhood
When he was 40, he went into a cave to meditate where the angel Gabriel spoke to him.
Message received from Gabriel is written down as the Quran

8. Muhammad Leaves Mecca
Muhammad’s revolutionary teachings led to unrest in Mecca.
The leaders of Mecca felt that his rejection of polytheism threatened the profits that came to Mecca from pilgrimages made annually to visit the Ka’aba.
In 622, Muhammad made the hijrah (flight or migration) to Medina leading his followers out of Mecca.
Later 622 was marked the first year in the Islamic calendar based upon the hijrah.

9. Islam Monotheistic- Believe in one God (Allah)
Founder: Mohammed- The Prophet
Holy Text: The Quran-Teaching of Muhammed
Reveal to him by the Angel Gabriel
A follower of the Islamic faith is called a Muslim.
There are two main denominations of Islam—Sunni (80-90%) and Shia (Shi’ite) (10-20%).
About 25% of the earth’s population are Muslims, and Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world.
Islam is also the fastest growing religion in the United States.

10. Rise of the Islam
Once in Medina, Muhammad developed traditions that moved away from Jewish and Christian practice.
A revelation commanded Muslims to begin facing Mecca and the Ka’aba instead of Jerusalem
Muhammad continued to convert traders and desert tribes until Meccans gave in around 630.
In 630, Mecca allowed Muhammad to return and accepted Islam.
Muhammad died in 632 in Medina, but he had laid the foundations for Islam to spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula.

11. Beliefs and Practices of Muslims
The central ideas of Muslim are found in the Quran.
Muhammad’s life also helps guide through his example—this is called the Sunna.
Islamic laws and rules are called the Sharia.
Muslims typically dress modestly—the hijab is meant “to cover” the body.
Muslims believe that Allah is the same God that Jews and Christians worship.
According to Muslims, the Quran perfects the earlier teachings of God present in the Jewish Torah and the Christian Bible.
This makes Jews and Christians “people of the Book” which granted them special status in Islamic society.

13. Duties of Muslims: Five Pillars of Islam
There are 5 duties of a Muslim. They are:
Faith: A Muslim must state the belief that, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”
Prayer: A Muslim must pray to Allah, facing Mecca, five times a day.
[Preferably, this would take place in a mosque. Also, typically takes place on a sajjada, or prayer rug.]
Alms: Muslims must give alms (or money) to the poor.
Fasting: A Muslim must fast during the holy month of Ramadan. They must eat only one meal a day after sunset, every day during this month.
5. Pilgrimage: A Muslim should perform the Hajj—a trip to the holy city of Mecca—at least once in his or her life.

14. Assignment
On a BLANK sheet of paper, draw a large stick person that takes up the whole page. You need to draw on your stick person hands, feet, and a heart.
Get creative if you like—make him look like a Muslim.

15. “Good Muslim” Stick Person
At the hands, list things that a good Muslim does/should do.
At the feet, list the “travels” of a good Muslim. (Where do they go or might they go?)
Above the head, write what a good Muslim thinks or believes.
At the heart, list a good Muslim’s innermost desire.
*Use the textbook or your notes to complete this assignment*

16. Five Pillars of Islam Instructions for 5 Pillars Chart
Create five sections
Write down one of the Five pillars of Islam in each section- Arabic Name (English translation)
Description of the Duty -(In your own words)
Visual representation of Duty (Picture, Symbol, Emoji)

17. Starter
List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam.

18. The Arab empire and islamic civilization

19. The Death of Muhammad
With Muhammad’s death, many Muslims felt they were free to leave Islam.
Also, debates arose surrounding who should take lead of the Islamic Empire.
Some believed Muhammad’s cousin Ali should be leader (Ali was also married to Fatimah).
However, Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s oldest friend and one of his first converts, was chosen to lead the faith.

20. Muhammad’s Successors
Abu Bakr was given the title caliph.
Caliph: “successor” or “deputy”
Abu Bakr quickly dealt with a group of Arabs who abandoned Islam.

21. Muslim Converts
Many people conquered by the Muslims found the religion appealing and converted to Islam.
Some converted due to the message of Islam.
Others converted to avoid paying a tax that was required of non-Muslims

22. Umar On Abu Bakr’s deathbed in 634, he chose Umar to succeed him.
Umar was also a close friend of Muhammad.
Umar developed a system in which families enlisted within the army in order to share the wealth of the community.
Arab armies grew stronger allowing for more expansion.
In 637, the Muslim Empire defeated the Persians.
In 638, the Muslims took Jerusalem.
In 642, the Muslims had added the Nile Valley to its list of conquests.

23. The Muslim Split
Most Muslims accepted Abu Bakr as caliph and remained Sunni.
Sunnis believe that any “good Muslim” can serve as caliph.
Sunnis are said to be “followers of the Sunna.”
Ali’s supporters became known as the Shi’ah.
Shi’ah means “Party of Ali.”
The Shi’ah believe that descendants of Ali were blessed by Allah due to their relationship to Muhammad.
They call Ali’s successors imams who they believe are the only people who can interpret the Qur’an.

24. The Umayyad Dynasty
Expansion was a central part of the Umayyad’s period of control.
By 700, the Muslims had reached the Atlantic Ocean.
Islamic troops moved into France, but did not take over the country in the 730s.
Classes developed:
Arab conquerors
Second-class clients (converts to Islam)
Non-Muslims (those who did not convert)

25. Islamic Empire

26. Islamic Civilization
A lot of culture that people call Islamic, is actually dependent upon where the Muslims live.
For example:
Not all Muslims cover themselves with a veil. Veiling began as a Persian custom.
Muslims are forbidden to eat pork and cannot consume alcohol.
Slavery was permitted in the Islamic Empire.
Slave owners were encouraged to free their slaves.
Slaves were required to be treated humanely.
Slaves could buy their freedom.
Slaves were typically from conquered lands.
No free Muslim could be enslaved. (If a child was born to a female slave and a free male, the child was free.)

27. Gender Relations
Men could have no more than four wives (permitted polygamy).
Women could only have one husband.
Women could inherit property.
Typically, women are expected to be covered much more than men.

28. Jihad: “struggle for the faith”
Jihad means “to struggle in the faith” but the Qur’an does not say that this should be used as a threat or act of terror.
In the early years of the empire, Muslims often faced persecution.
Jihad was permitted against invaders.
Muslims believe if you die in DEFENSE of your faith, you are automatically permitted to paradise (or heaven).

29. Islamic Law
During the Umayyad Dynasty’s reign, people began to mistrust the role of caliph as example of ways.
The development of the ulama, male religious scholars, provided guidance for religious practice.
The ulama created the shari’ah (Islamic law code) which guided personal actions such as marriage, divorce, and business law.

30. Sufism
Influenced by Indian thinkers, some Muslims became concerned with materialism.
Blend of Islam and Buddhism
Considered mystics, this group aimed at living a simple life devoted to Allah.
They chose to live poor which they believed made them more in touch with the sufferings of early converts to Islam.
Today, sufism is widely accepted as religious practice—some Sunnis even practice sufism.

31. Islamic Empire Map (Pg.193)
Color the Islamic Empire in Green
Label and underline the territories in Black: India, Persia, Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt, Morocco, Spain, France
Identify Cities in Black: Cairo, Damascus, Jerusalem, Mecca, Medina
Label Water in Blue: Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Arabian Sea

32. Contributions of the Islamic Empire
While Europe is in its chaotic “Dark Ages” the Islamic Empire preserve the works of great thinkers.
Education
Keepers of Classical writings
Preserved and translate important writings of Greeks and Romans
Two Muslim women, Fatima and Miriam al-Firhi, created the world's first university, Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, in 859 AD.

33. Mathemtics
Al-Khwarazmi  (780 – 850 CE)
Persian
Creator of Algebra (al-jabr)
Introduces to the west:
Algorithms
Numeric Systems

34. Evolution of our Number System

35. Surgery Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 CE) Born in Spain "father of surgery,"
wrote an illustrated encyclopedia that would be used as a guide to European surgeons

36. Health
Ibn Nafis ( CE)
Syrian Arab
described the pulmonary circulation almost three hundred years before William Harvey.
The technique of inoculation or vaccine into the body to induce immunity to a disease was created in Turkey.

37. Hygiene
Protecting and cleansing the body has always been a priority for Muslims.
Muslim scientists combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil to create a recipe for soap
which is still used today.

38. Chemistry Jabir Ibn Hayyan aka Geber (720 CE-815 CE) Persian/Arab
the founder of modern chemistry,
Alchemy-> Chemistry
separating liquids through differences in their boiling points.

39. Engineering/Physics Ibn Firnas Born in Cordoba, Spain Spanish Muslim
First man to “Fly”
Create the first flying machine
Attempts failed
Created first parachute

40. Exploration Ahmad ibn Fadlan Explored Central Asia for the Caliphate
Establish trade routes
Discovers the Rus
Vikings in Modern day Russia
Rūsiyyah= Russia
Records a Viking Funeral

41. Mankind: Islam Questions
Al‐Hajjaj Al‐Bahizi was mining for what mineral?
For what purpose was the gold used?
How was Cordoba different from the rest of Western Europe?
What happened to Abbas Ibn Firnas?

42. Open Notes Quiz What occurred as a result of Muhammad’s death?
In what ways are Sunni Muslims and Shi’ah Muslims different, and how are they alike? Explain your answer.
Explain Sufism.
What were the intellectual gains made in the Muslim world?