1. Particles in Solution

2. The Nature of Solvents
What dissolves what or why does a substance dissolve in one solvent but not another?
Solvents with non-polar molecules dissolve solutes with non-polar molecules
Solvents with polar molecules dissolve solutes with polar molecules
Remember “like dissolves like”

3. Are there any exceptions?
Yes!!!!!
Some substances form solutions with both polar and non-polar solutes
How?
Solvents such as ethanol have a polar and non-polar end which allows it to dissolve polar and non-polar solutes.
Substances with both polar and non-polar

4. Particles in Solution How do substances break up in solution?
Dissociation
Ionic Solids (metals bonded with non-metals) separate into positive and negative ions
Example – NaCl dissociates in Na+ and Cl-
Ionization
The breaking apart of certain polar substances to form ions when dissolved in water
Example: HCl + H20  H Cl-
When a substance that separates ions or forms ions in a water solution is called an electrolyte
This means it can conduct electricity

5. What is a non-electrolyte?
A non-electrolyte is a substance, such as pure water, that does not conduct electricity.

6. Effects of Solute Particles
Why do you add antifreeze to your car instead of just using water as a coolant?
Why do you put salt on the ground when it is going to be cold?