1. The Human Brain: A Guided Tour
The Human Brain:
A Guided Tour

2. Sheep Brain Dissection
The Brain Home Page
Links to Assignments
Cerebrum
Meninges
Ventricles
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Videos
Quit
Sheep Brain Dissection

3. Links to Assignments Steps to complete assignment-
Assemble Brain Model (Instructions)
Work on PowerPoint/Labeling Model
Go Over Brain Models- Hand In!
Begin Sheep Brain Dissection
Identify Parts of Sheep Brain in dissection practical

4. Videos Links to video cross sections of brain-
Link to visual stimuli and the brain- .

5. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Cerebrum
Gray Matter
White Matter
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Surface Features
Size and the Cerebrum .

6. What do you call a brain without a 100 billion neurons? A no brainer
Size and the Cerebrum
Does a bigger brain mean you are smarter?
The debate is still on. It seems that the higher brain to body mass an animal has, the smarter it is. Einstein's overall brain was a normal size, but the specific portion known for spatial intelligence was wider and had a unique anatomy.
What do you call a brain without a 100 billion neurons? A no brainer
Ha! Ha!
Cerebrum .

7. White Matter
Portion of the cerebrum that is composed of bundles of nerve fibers, myelinated so that it appears white.
These are on the deep portion of the brain, including the corpus callosum.
Cerebrum .

8. Gray Matter The cell bodies of neurons in the cerebrum.
Located primarily on the superficial surface of the cerebrum- the cerebral cortex.
Also, several groups of gray matter are buried deep within the cerebrum.
What does a brain wear in a rainstorm?
A waterproof CORTEX jacket.
Click Here!
Ha! Ha!
Cerebrum .

9. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Several islands of gray matter, cell bodies of neurons.
They are the processing link between thalamus and motor cortex.
They initiate and direct voluntary movement and help with balance and postural reflexes.
Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea, both diseases of muscular control difficulties, stem from problems in the basal nuclei.
Cerebrum

10. Surface Features of the Cerebrum
Right Hemisphere
Gyri
Left Hemisphere
Sulci
Corpus Callosum
Fissures
Functional Areas
Lobes
Cerebrum

11. (Colored portions in diagram to left)
Gyri
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebrum.
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
(Colored portions in diagram to left)
Surface Features
Microsoft Clipart

12. Sulci Central sulcus- Separates frontal and parietal lobes
The shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebrum that separate the gyri.
Microsoft Clipart
Lateral sulcus- defines temporal lobe
Feelin’ groovy! (“Lines” on diagram above)
Surface Features

13. Longitudinal fissure- divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres
Fissures
Deep grooves on the surface of the cerebrum.
Longitudinal fissure- divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres
Helps to divide the cerebrum into lobes.
Surface Features

14. Corpus Callosum
Connects the right and left hemispheres and allows for communication between the hemispheres.
Forms roof of the lateral and third ventricles.
Band of myelinated nerve fibers.
(Label on Sagittal Section diagram)
Surface Features

15. To see if you are right or left hemisphere dominant, try these tests-
Right Hemisphere
Controls left side of body.
Processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide "holistic" picture of one's environment.
Visual spatial skills. Dancing and gymnastics are coordinated by the right hemisphere. Memory is stored in auditory, visual and spatial modalities.
For right-brainers
What did the right hemisphere say to the left hemisphere when they could not agree on anything?
Lets split!
To see if you are right or left hemisphere dominant, try these tests-
Ha! Ha!
Surface Features

16. To see if you are right or left hemisphere dominant, try these tests-
Controls right side of body.
Systematic, logical interpretation of information.
Interpretation and production of symbolic information.
Language, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning.
Memory stored in a language format.
For left-brainers
To see if you are right or left hemisphere dominant, try these tests-
Surface Features

17. Lobes of the Cerebrum Parietal Frontal Occipital Frontal Lobotomy
Microspft Clipart
Temporal
Surface Features .

18. What did the parietal say to the frontal?
Frontal Lobe
Responsible for conscious thought, cognition and memory.
Controls the ability to concentrate, higher intellectual reasoning, aggression, judgment, and inhibition.
Plays a role in personality and emotional traits.
What did the parietal say to the frontal?
I lobe you!
Ha! Ha!
Lobes

19. Frontal Lobotomy
In the early 1900’s, removal of the frontal lobe or disconnecting its pathways to the limbic system, was a treatment for psychiatric patients. This pacified the patients, but made them void of emotion, personality, and volition. The severe side effects and dangerous nature of the operation has caused psychiatrists to seek other methods to treat patients who suffered from aggression.
Lobes .

20. Temporal Lobe
Receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing and plays an important role in memory.
Lobes .

21. What happens when you bother the parietal lobe?
Responsible for processing of sensory input and sensory discrimination.
Plays a part in body orientation.
What happens when you bother the parietal lobe?
It gets a little touchy!
Ha! Ha!
Lobes

22. Occipital Lobe Primary visual reception and interpretation area. Lobes
Lobes
Microsoft Clipart

23. Functional Areas of the Cerebrum
Speech/language area
Gustatory area
Frontal association area
Frontal eye field
General interpretation area
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
Primary motor area
Premotor area
Visual area
zka.sk/images/cerebrum.gif
Somatic sensory area
Olfactory area
Auditory area
Surface Features .

24. Wernicke’s Area
Located in the left superior and posterior portion of the temporal lobe.
Understanding and comprehension of spoken language.
It is connected by nervous pathways to Broca’s area (for motor speech) and the auditory area (for hearing).
Functional Areas

25. Frontal Eye Field Part of the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe.
It coordinates and maintains eye and head movements, gaze shifts, and visual reactions to auditory and tactile (touch) stimuli.
Functional Areas

26. Primary Motor Area
Located on the precentral gyrus (posterior region of the frontal lobe).
Allows conscious movement of skeletal muscles.
The axons of the motor neurons here form the pyramidal, or corticospinal tract.
Functional Areas

27. Premotor Area
Located anterior to the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe.
Responsible for perception as well as in preparing the commands that result in physical movement (links input with output).
Functional Areas .

28. Frontal Association Area
Located in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe.
Plans behavior and facilitates working memory.
Control of attention, emotional expression, creativity, physical drive and inhibition.
Functional Areas .

29. Broca’s Area
Located in the inferior portion of the frontal lobe anterior to the premotor area.
Controls movements of the lips, jaws, and tongue for speech.
Functional Areas .

30. Olfactory Area Located in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe.
Involved with integration of smell.
Microsoft Clipart
Why does your nose like to be in the middle of your face?
It likes to be the scenter of attention.
Ha! Ha!
Functional Areas .

31. Auditory Area
Responsible for processing information related to hearing.
Functional Areas
Microsoft Clipart .

32. Somatic Sensory Area
Located in the anterior portion of the parietal lobe.
Processes tactile senses- pain, temperature, touch.
The homunculus shown to the left demonstrates the relationship of features and their number of sensory receptors by size.
Functional Areas .

33. Gustatory Area Inferior region of parietal lobe.
Responsible for taste.
What book did Gus Tation write?
Tasty Treats for Your Tongue
Ha! Ha!
Functional Areas .
Microspft Clipart

34. Speech Language Area
Responsible for incorporating words into verbal output.
Functional Areas .

35. General Interpretation Area
Overlaps the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes.
Association of cumulative information from senses.
Functional Areas .

36. Visual Area Located in the posterior portion of the occipital lobe.
Located in the posterior portion of the occipital lobe.
Processes vision.
Functional Areas
Microspft Clipart .

37. Brainstem Midbrain Pons Reticular Formation Medulla Oblongata
The lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord. Most of the cranial nerves arise from the brainstem. The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.
Midbrain
Pons
Reticular Formation
Medulla Oblongata .

38. Midbrain Located on the superior portion of the brainstem.
Nerve pathway of cerebral hemispheres.
Connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum
Auditory and Visual reflex centers.
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina- posterior portion of the midbrain separated by the cerebral aqueduct.
Controls reflexes for vision and hearing.
Brainstem .

39. Pons Located in the middle of the brainstem.
Respiratory center that controls rate and depth of breathing.
Pons
Brainstem

40. Who wrote the book “The Importance of the Medulla?
Medulla Oblongata
Located in the inferior portion of the brainstem.
Crossing of motor tracts.
Controls heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. 
Centers for coughing, gagging, swallowing, and vomiting are located here.
Who wrote the book “The Importance of the Medulla?
Y.U. Breathe
Ha! Ha!
Brainstem

41. Reticular Formation
Located throughout the posterior portion of the brainstem.
Controls motor activities of visceral organs.
Controls sleep/wake cycles. Damage to this area may result in coma.
Plays a role in alertness, fatigue, and motivation to perform various activities.
Brainstem

42. Diencephalon Hypothalamus Thalamus Mammillary Bodies Epithalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Olfactory Bulb
Limbic System
Optic Chiasm

43. Hypothalamus
Located inferior to and slightly anterior to the thalamus.
Controls regulation of metabolism, temperature, and water and electrolyte balance.
Holds many set points in homeostasis.
Diencephalons .

44. Limbic System Olfactory pathways:
Amygdala and their different pathways.
Hippocampus and its different pathways.
Sex, rage, fear; emotions. Integration of recent memory, biological rhythms.
Diencephalons

45. Pituitary Gland Located inferior to the hypothalamus.
It secretes many hormones controlling growth, development, and puberty.
Diencephalons

46. Mammillary Bodies Located inferior to the hypothalamus.
It is the reflex center for smell.
Diencephalons

47. Epithalamus Located posterior to the thalamus.
Houses the pineal gland.
Diencephalons .

48. Thalamus Located directly superior to the midbrain.
It relays incoming messages to the proper centers of the brain.
Diencephalons

49. Pineal Gland Located posterior to the thalamus in the epithalamus.
Produces melatonin.
Melatonin helps to regulate circadian rhythms (daily and seasonal cycles of sleep and wakefulness) and boosts immune function.
Converts signals from the nervous system into an endocrine signal.
Diencephalons

50. Olfactory Bulb Located on the underside of each frontal lobe.
Contain the cell bodies of olfactory receptor neurons and the nerve tracts connecting it to the olfactory cortex.
Diencephalons

51. Optic Chiasm Where the optic nerves from each eye meet and cross.
They go back through the optic tracts to the occipital lobe.
Diencephalons .

52. Cerebellum Located inferior and posterior to the cerebrum.
Two hemispheres composed of outer gray matter and inner white matter.
Controls posture, balance, equilibrium, and coordination of skeletal muscles.
Who wrote the book “It’s a Balancing Act”?
Sara Bellum
It is said to look like cauliflower.
Ha! Ha!

53. Ventricles Lateral ventricles Choriod plexuses Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct

54. Lateral Ventricles
Large ventricles located in both hemispheres. These contain large masses of choriod plexuses.
Ventricles

55. Third Ventricle Located in the diencephelon superior to the thalamus.
Chamber filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricles

56. Fourth Ventricle Located medially to the brainstem and the cerebellum.
Located medially to the brainstem and the cerebellum.
Chamber filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricles

57. Choriod Plexuses
Located on the roof of the third ventricle and in the fourth ventricle.
Tangled masses of capillaries that secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricles

58. Cerebral Aqueduct
A canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid that connects the third and fourth ventricles.
Ventricles

59. Meningitis and Encephalitis
Meninges
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Meningitis and Encephalitis

60. Pia Mater
The protective layer that clings to the surface of the brain.
Meninges

61. Arachnoid Mater
The middle layer of the meninges that has a net-like mesh (spider web-like).
In the spaces between the fibers, there is cerebrospinal fluid.
Meninges

62. Dura Mater In Latin, it means “hard mother”.
It is the thick, protective outer covering on the surface of the brain.
Meninges

63. Meningitis and Encephalitis
Meningitis is a viral or bacterial infection of the meninges. It will cause swelling of the meninges, headache, fever, seizure, brain damage, and if untreated, death.
Swelling of the brain, usually caused by a virus that a person is exposed to from an insect bite, food, or beverages. It has the same symptoms as meningitis.
Meninges

64. Sheep Brain Dissection
Links to dissection websites

65. Do you really want to quit????
YES NO

66. Sheep Brain Dissection-
It’s Not So BAAAAD! .

67. Human Brain Sheep Brain

68. You will first need to remove the meninges from the brain.
You will first need to remove the meninges from the brain.
Please grasp firmly and gently pull back from the cerebellum anteriorly.

69.
This is what the brain will look like once you have removed the meninges.

73. .

74. SHEEP BRAIN DISSECTION
Identify the following structures on the sheep brain. With your partner, be prepared to point out 20 structures to your teacher when she calls out their name and/or to name the structures that she points to.
Frontal lobe
Gray matter
Gyrus
Hypothalamus
Lateral sulcus
Longitudinal fissure
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Occipital lobe
Olfactory bulb
__________/___5
Participation & cleaning
Brainstem
Central sulcus
Cerebellum
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebrum
Corpora quadrigemina
Corpus callosum
Diencephalon
Fourth ventricle
__________/___20
Correct Identifications
Optic chiasma
Parietal lobe
Pineal body (gland)
Pons
Spinal cord
Sulcus
Temporal lobe
Thalamus
Third ventricle
White matter
_____________/___25
Total Score

75. BRAIN “FOLDABLE” MODEL
OPTION 1
Begin by printing the Sagittal Section of the brain.
Print the Ventricles. Place on top of the Sagittal Section and tape around the top to make a flap.
Print the Cerebrum. Place on top of the Ventricles and tape to make a flap.
Print the Lobes. Place on top of the Cerebrum and tape to make a flap.
Print the Functional Areas. Place on top of the Lobes and tape to make a flap.
Looking at the Identifications list, color code each item listed for each separate page.
On the back of each separate page, in the same color for each item, write the name of the structure and describe it briefly using the information in this tutorial.
OPTION 2
-Print each diagram of the brain in color. Write the names for the parts of the brain in corresponding colors on the back of the diagrams. (Sagittal section, ventricles, cerebrum, lobes, functional areas)
-Describe the structure and its location on the charts provided. (Chart 1, chart 2, chart 3, chart 4)
BRAIN “FOLDABLE” MODEL

76. IDENTIFICATIONS VENTRICLES: Lateral Ventricles Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Choriod Plexuses (draw in)
CEREBRUM:
Using “blow up” in upper right-
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Grey Matter
White Matter
Basal Nuclei (draw in)
Pia Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater
Longitudinal fissure
Using rest of diagram-
Gyri
Sulci
Central Sulcus
Lateral Sulcus (Fissure)
LOBES:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
FUNCTIONAL AREAS:
Broca’s Area
Frontal Association Area
Frontal Eye Field
Premotor Cortex
Primary Motor Cortex
Olfactory Area
Auditory Area
Somatic Sensory Area
Gustatory Area
Visual Cortex
General Interpretation Area
Speech/Language Area
Wernicke’s Area
SAGITTAL SECTION:
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon-
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Body (Gland)
Pituitary Gland
Epithalamus
Mamillary Body
Optic Chiasm
Brainstem:
Midbrain
Corpora Quadrigemina
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation .

77. SAGITTAL SECTION .

78. VENTRICLES

79. CEREBRUM

80. LOBES

81. FUNCTIONAL AREAS

82. SAGITTAL SECTION

83. VENTRICLES

84. CEREBRUM

85. LOBES

86. FUNCTIONAL AREAS

87. Structure
Location
Function(s)/ Description
Grey matter (Cerebrum)
Basal nuclei (Cerebrum)
White matter (Cerebrum)
Gyri (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Sulci (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Lateral sulcus (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Longitudinal fissure (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Right hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Left hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Frontal association area
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Frontal eye field
Broca’s area
Primary motor area
Olfactory area
Auditory area
Somatic sensory area
Visual area
Wernicke’s area
General interpretation area
Speech/Language area
Temporal lobe
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Lobes)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Pons
(Brainstem)
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Reticular formation
Corpora quadrigemina
(Brainstem, midbrain)
Hypothalamus
(Diencephalon)
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal body
Epithalamus
Mamillary body
Optic chiasm
Choriod plexus
(Ventricles)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricles
Pia mater
(Meninges)
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Cerebellum
(Cerebellum)

88. Structure
Location
Function(s)/ Description
Grey matter (Cerebrum)
Basal nuclei (Cerebrum)
White matter (Cerebrum)
Gyri (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Sulci (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Lateral sulcus (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Longitudinal fissure (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Right hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Left hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Frontal association area
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Frontal eye field
Broca’s area (Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Primary motor area
Premotor area (Cerebrum Surface features, Functional areas)
Olfactory area(Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Auditory area (Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Somatic sensory area
Visual area (Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Wernicke’s area (Cerebrum ,Surface features, Functional areas)
Gustatory area(Cerebrum ,Surface features, Functional areas)
General interpretation area (Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Speech/Language area
Temporal lobe
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Lobes)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Pons
(Brainstem)
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Reticular formation
Corpora quadrigemina
(Brainstem, midbrain)
Hypothalamus
(Diencephalon)
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal body
Epithalamus
Mamillary body
Optic chiasm
Choriod plexus
(Ventricles)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricles
Pia mater
(Meninges)
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Cerebellum
(Cerebellum)

89. Structure
Location
Function(s)/ Description
Grey matter (Cerebrum)
Basal nuclei (Cerebrum)
White matter (Cerebrum)
Gyri (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Sulci (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Lateral sulcus (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Longitudinal fissure (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Right hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Left hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Frontal association area
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Frontal eye field
Broca’s area
Primary motor area
Olfactory area
Auditory area
Somatic sensory area
Visual area
Wernicke’s area
General interpretation area
Speech/Language area
Temporal lobe
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Lobes)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Pons
(Brainstem)
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Reticular formation
Corpora quadrigemina
(Brainstem, midbrain)
Hypothalamus
(Diencephalon)
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal body
Epithalamus
Mamillary body
Optic chiasm
Choriod plexus
(Ventricles)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricles
Pia mater
(Meninges)
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Cerebellum
(Cerebellum)

90. Structure
Location
Function(s)/ Description
Grey matter (Cerebrum)
Basal nuclei (Cerebrum)
White matter (Cerebrum)
Gyri (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Sulci (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Lateral sulcus (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Longitudinal fissure (Cerebrum, Surface features, Fissures)
Right hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Left hemisphere (Cerebrum, Surface features)
Frontal association area
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Functional areas)
Frontal eye field
Broca’s area
Primary motor area
Olfactory area
Auditory area
Somatic sensory area
Visual area
Wernicke’s area
General interpretation area
Speech/Language area
Temporal lobe
(Cerebrum, Surface features, Lobes)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Pons
(Brainstem)
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Reticular formation
Corpora quadrigemina
(Brainstem, midbrain)
Hypothalamus
(Diencephalon)
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal body
Epithalamus
Mamillary body
Optic chiasm
Choriod plexus
(Ventricles)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricles
Pia mater
(Meninges)
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Cerebellum
(Cerebellum)