1. Chapter 13 - APUSH New Democracy:
Larger numbers of ordinary citizens get involved in politics
In many states, property qualification for voting was dropped – universal manhood suffrage; egalitarian ideas
Some felt that bank was run by monied elite; others called for bank to be dissolved
Missouri Compromise got more white southerners involved in politics; afraid that slavery could be abolished where it already exists

2. Election of 1824 – a 4 way race Some strides for democracy:
Members of the Electoral College were chosen by ordinary people and not state legislatures
First Presidential nominating committees in 1831
Election of 1824 – a 4 way race
John Quincy Adams
84 electoral votes
Henry Clay
37 elec. votes
Andrew Jackson
99 electoral votes
William Crawford
41 electoral votes

3. Jackson won the popular vote, but not a MAJORITY of the electoral vote; election will go to the House of Representatives
Henry Clay is the Speaker of the House and he makes the “Corrupt Bargain” with John Quincy Adams
Deal between Adams and Clay that Clay would tell House to vote for Adams and Adams would make Clay Sec. of State.
Why would Clay want to become Sec. of State?

4. Erie Canal completed in 1825
Jackson called Clay the “Judas of the West” for backing a Northerner and not him (Jackson was from Tennessee)
Erie Canal completed in 1825
Adams didn’t do much as President; a very cold person
He didn’t give his friends jobs
Wanted to spend money on an observatory; people were mad!

5. Denmark Vesey – slave – planned a rebellion – was found out before it happened; really frightened the South because the plan was so large in scale; 2 fellow slaves told on him; rebellion never happened
Charleston authorities charged 131 men with conspiracy. In total, 67 men were convicted and 35 hanged, including Denmark Vesey.
Stono Rebellion

6. Tariff of Abominations - 1828
Southerners were concerned with states’ rights and DID NOT like a high tariff
In 1824, tariff went from 23% to 37%
In 1828 – tariff was raised to 45%! Southerners were outraged! They thought tariff discriminated against them because:
1. They had to pay more for good while the North makes money
2. British would retaliate with high tariffs and therefore buy less cotton

7. “The South Carolina Exposition” written secretly in Dec
“The South Carolina Exposition” written secretly in Dec by VP John C. Calhoun (he was VP under both JQ Adams and Jackson)
1. Says if Tariff of 1828 is not repealed, then South Carolina will secede
2. Calhoun says that South Carolina has the “right of nullification” just like in the VA & KY Resolutions
What court case tells us this is wrong?

8. Election of 1828 National Republicans = John Quincy Adams
Democrats = Andrew Jackson
Adams’ people bad-mouthed Jackson’s wife (Rachel) and his mother; Jackson said Adams was a pimp
Jackson got most of the vote from the South and West; more
common people voted in 1828; universal manhood suffrage

9. Andrew Jackson – “Old Hickory” - 2 bullets in his body
left over from duels
Rachel died (of a broken heart) between the Election of 1828 and inauguration day. Jackson wore a pin with her picture on it for the rest of his life. He vowed revenge on his political opponents.
His mansion was The Hermitage in Tennessee; he owned slaves

10. Jackson was considered to be the “People’s President”
The crowd continued to descend into a drunken mob, only dispersed when bowls of liquor and punch were placed on the front lawn of the White House. "I never saw such a mixture," said Joseph Story, then a justice on the Supreme Court: "The reign of King Mob seemed triumphant.“ The White House was left a mess, including several thousand dollars worth of broken china.
Jackson was considered to be the “People’s President”

11. Jackson’s Cabinet Crisis
“spoils system” = rewarding political supporters with public office jobs; Jackson is well known for this
Jackson’s Cabinet Crisis
Martin Van Buren is Secretary of State; Jackson also has in informal
group of advisors called the “Kitchen Cabinet”; newspaper
editors and friends from Tennessee
The "Eaton Affair" (also called the "Petticoat Affair") was a scandal that took place during Jackson's first term centering around Margaret ("Peggy") Eaton, the beautiful wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, John H. Eaton.

12. Following Jackson's inauguration, many Washington socialites, among them wives of members of Jackson's cabinet, refused to associate with Peggy, because they thought she was sexually promiscuous. It was alleged that she had had illicit relations with Eaton while still married to her first husband, John B. Timberlake, who died in Jackson was convinced that Peggy was innocent, and tried in vain to trace the various rumors against Peggy to their source and to persuade his cabinet members and their wives to socialize with the Eatons.
Tensions over the "Eaton Affair" eventually resulted in the resignation of all but one member of Jackson's cabinet in 1831.

13. Webster-Hayne Debate
*****debate started over the sale of Western lands; New
England Senators wanted to curb the sale of western land;
Jan , 1830****
It quickly turned into a debate over the right of nullification
Robert Hayne of South Carolina claimed South had right of
nullification; brought up disloyalty by New England during the
War of 1812
Daniel Webster spoke for New England and said that only the
Supreme Court can nullify laws
Webster concluded his second reply with the words, "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!"
****Look at the handout I gave you!****

14. Jefferson Day Banquet – April 13, 1830 in honor of Jefferson’s birthday
Calhoun (Jackson’s VP) wrote most of the toasts given by others arguing that Jefferson would have supported states’ rights and nullification
Jackson (knew what Calhoun was doing) gave a toast—
"THE FEDERAL UNION: IT MUST BE PRESERVED!"
He was followed by the Vice President, Calhoun, who said “The Union: next to our Liberty the most dear: may we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States, and distributing equally the benefit and burden of the Union!"
Calhoun resigned on Dec. 28, 1832

15. South Carolina gets FRISKY!
“nullies” want to nullify the Tariff of 1828 (Abominations)
Tariff of 1832 lowered it 10%, but South Carolina still not happy!
Special state convention in South Carolina in 1832:
1. Called the tariff null and void
2. Called for state legislature to take any necessary military preparations
3. Threatened to secede if Washington (the federal gov’t) tried to collect tariff money by force

16. Henry Clay came up with the Compromise Tariff of 1833 (rate was 25%) – this is a temporary band-aid
Jackson had Congress pass the Force Bill (South Carolina) called it the “Bloody Bill” – it authorized the President to use the army and navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties
The South Carolina convention repealed the nullification of the tariff, but they then nullified the Force Bill

17. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Indians sued for their right to stay on their land
the Supreme Court labeled the tribe as a “denominated domestic dependent nation” and that the Indians could keep their land
Jackson doesn’t care what the court said, “John Marshall has made his decision, now let’s see him enforce it”
Jackson wanted the Indians moved to west of the Mississippi River
More than 100,000 Indians were moved
Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in 1836 (really didn’t help)

18. Trail of Tears – movement of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma from Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee
– moved by foot, horse and steamboat
Around 15,000 were moved and about 4,000 died

19. Some Indians tried to fight back – Seminoles in Florida, but their leader Osceola was killed
Black Hawk War
Black Hawk and his son, Whirling Thunder led Sauk and Fox braves from Illinois and Wisconsin. They were captured and put on public display throughout the U.S.

20. Jackson hates the BUS and wants to kill it; Clay wanted to recharter the BUS 4 years early in 1832, so Jackson would veto it.
Clay’s plan was to make Jackson lose votes and therefore, Clay would be elected President in 1832 – it didn’t work!

21. Jackson said that BUS was anti-western and run by the monied elite
Nicholas Biddle – head of the BUS; lent money to his friends
BUS was useful because:
Promoted economic expansion by making credit
and sound currency abundant
2. Safe depository for U.S. money
Jackson removed federal deposits from the BUS and
placed the money in state “pet” banks

22. Each state had its own money, called “wildcat currency” – this money is very unreliable and unstable; causes inflation
A common conception of the wildcat bank in Westerns and like stories was of a bank that left its safe somewhat ajar for depositors to see, in which the banker would display a barrel full of nails, grain or flour with a thin sprinkling of cash on top, thus fooling depositors into thinking it was a successful bank
Jackson passed Specie Circular – required all public lands to be purchased with metallic money (gold and silver); even Jackson didn’t want wildcat currency

23. Election of 1832 – Jackson v. Clay
Henry Clay – National Republican Party
Andrew Jackson – Democratic Party
Third Party for 1st time – Anti-Masonic Party – opposed to secret societies - Jackson was a Mason
first election in which the candidates were nominated by national nominating conventions
Jackson crushed Clay!

24. During Jackson’s 2nd term in office the Whig party formed to oppose Jackson; he DID NOT run in 1836
Election of 1836 –
Martin Van Buren (Democrat) v.
Wm. Henry Harrison (Whig)
Van Buren was 1st president to be born under the U.S. flag

26. Panic of 1837 – Van Buren gets blamed!
Causes:
1. Overspeculation in western lands; get rich quick ideas
2. “Bank War” – pet banks failed; lost government’s money
3. Specie Circular
4. Failure of wheat crop
5. Failure of 2 British banks
Van Buren – “Divorce Bill” – divorcing the government from banking; est. an independent treasury - lock up government’s money in vaults in several major cities; later became the federal reserve system; Whigs repeal 1 year later

27. 1820 – Mexico gets its independence from Spain
Mexico allowed Stephen Austin to bring 300 American families to Texas on the condition that:
1. They become Roman Catholic
2. They become Mexican citizens
Mexicans and Texans were in dispute over:
1. slavery
2. Immigration (who is going to be allowed into Texas)
3. Local rights

28. March 1, 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico
Feb. 23-March 6, 1836 the Texans held out against a Mexican attack at the Alamo; 1,800 Mexicans vs. 189 Texans
All male defenders of the Alamo were killed including Davy Crocket, Jim Bowie & Col. William Travis
Santa Anna – Mexican general who defeated the Texans at the Alamo

29. Texans were eventually successful in gaining independence at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836 under Sam Houston
DO NOT GET CONFUSED! THIS IS TEXAS vs. MEXICO - The U.S. is not officially involved
Jackson was torn about Texas and didn’t want to bring up the slavery issue
The U.S. does not annex Texas until 1845 – so for 9 years, Texas was its own COUNTRY

30. Election of 1840 Van Buren (Dem) vs. Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison (Whigs)
Harrison was picked because he was issueless and enemyless; he picked John Tyler from VA as his running mate
Tippecanoe and Tyler too!
The democrats tried to say the Harrison was born in a log cabin (he wasn’t) but Harrison then played it up that he was a “common man” like Jackson
Harrison won! – 68 years old

31. A 2 party system emerged:
Democrats
Whigs
Harrison, Clay, Calhoun
and Webster
Jackson, Van Buren
Liked BUS
States’ rights
Protective tariffs
Opposed the BUS
Abolition of slavery
Prohibition of liquor
Opposed the tariff
Internal
improvements
Harrison dies after 30 days; Tyler
is President! “A Democrat in Whig
clothing”
Pro-public schools