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Forensic Science: The Basics Chapter 16 Illicit Drugs
Jay A. Siegel,Ph.D. Power point presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College, Peru Nebraska Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Illicit Drugs Recreational use of illicit drugs is one of most serious societal problems in U.S. Drug is a substance that is designed to have a specific physical and/or emotional effect on people or animals Vast majority of drugs produced by pharmaceutical companies for particular disease or disorder are called licit drugs All licit drugs in US must have recognized medical use as defined by the USFDA Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Illicit Drugs May be called controlled substances or abused drugs Controlled substances are licit drugs that are taken for purposes other than what they were originally developed- example is methamphetamine Other types of illicit drugs are substances that have no recognized medical purpose- PCP, marijuana Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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Illicit Drug Control in the United States
Possession, sale and control of illicit drugs have been subject of governmental control since early part of 20th century Federal Code Title 21- Food and Drugs- Chapter 13- Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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Illicit Drug Control and Scheduling in the United States
Drugs are categorized into 5 schedules Most illicit drugs are in one of these schedules Most drugs in same schedule have same penalty for possession or distribution Congress decides which drugs get scheduled and which schedule drug will be in and uses two questions to determine this…. Does drug have legitimate use in US? What is potential for abuse of drug? Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Scheduling of Drugs USFDA assists in determining if drug has legitimate medical use. Tolerance, withdrawal , physical and psychological dependence are all factors Factors that contribute to potential of drug for abuse have to do with availability and cost of drug, along with propensity of being caught with drug Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Schedule I Drugs Has a high potential for abuse Has no currently accepted medical use for treatment in the United States Some schedule I drugs are heroin, LSD and marijuana Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Schedule II Drugs Has a high potential for abuse Drug has currently accepted medical use in treatment in the use or as a currently accepted medical use with sever restrictions Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence Examples include cocaine and methamphetamine Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Schedule III Drugs Has potential for abuse less than Schedule I and II drugs Currently accepted for medical use in treatment in U.S. Abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence Examples are anabolic steroids and aspirin or Tylenol containing codeine Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Schedule IV Drugs Has low potential for abuse relative to other drugs in Schedule III Are currently accepted for medical use treatment in the U.S. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs or other substances in Schedule III Examples are Darvon, Equanil, and Valium Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Schedule V Drugs Has low potential for abuse relative to other drugs in Schedule IV Are currently accepted for medical use treatment in the U.S. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs or other substances in Schedule IV Examples are over the counter cough medicines Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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Classification of Illicit Drugs
Illicit drugs fall into one of three categories Naturally occurring categories (marijuana, cocaine, morphine) Derived from naturally occurring substance (heroin made from morphine, LSD made from lysergic acid) Synthetic (methamphetamine, PCP) Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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Classification of Illicit Drugs
Classification of illicit drugs is done by their major effects on human being Stimulants Depressants Narcotics Hallucinogens Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Stimulants Work by stimulating central nervous system. Elevate a person’s mood, increase energy levels temporarily Street name is uppers Generally not physical addictive Can cause strong psychological dependence Cocaine and methamphetamine Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Cocaine A naturally occurring substance derived from erythoxylon coca plant Grows on Amazon slopes of Andes Mountain in South America Epicenter of production recently is Colombia Medically, cocaine is an topical anesthetic Indigenous people of South America chew coca leaf with seashell, which increases effect Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Cocaine Latter 19th and early part of 29th century cocaine used in U.S. as stimulant Extracted by chopping leaves and exposing them to hot alkaline water or organic solvent Then exposed to Hydrochloric acid , which precipitates purified cocaine, called flake, snow or blow Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Cocaine Typically ingest by snorting High lasts 30 minutes to an hour Crack cocaine is made from cocaine and household chemicals such as lye or cleaning fluid. Comes in small rocks. Generally smoked in pipe. Gaelic word “craic” means “to have a good time” Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Methamphetamine Along with amphetamines, has been a popular illicit drug for 40 years Methamphetamine labs have become commonplace in U.S. to the point of being an epidemic Typically made using over the counter drug called pseudoephedrine, anhydrous ammonia, and lithium Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Depressants Used to relieve anxiety, nervousness or restlessness Most popular are barbiturates Range from mild drug, such as Phenobarbital to Pentobarbital Prior is used to put animals asleep or administered to death row inmates to die Latter is used as general surgery anesthetic Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Hallucinogens Cause audio and visual hallucinations Most common are marijuana, LSD, mescaline and psilocybin Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Marijuana Classified as a hallucinogen Nicknames include weed, hop, Mary Jane, toke. Effects are usually a mellowing out of person Munchies is a reported side effect of marijuana use Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Marijuana Plant belongs to genus cannabis Leaves and flowers contain levels of THC or tetrahydricannabinol Marijuana leaves and flowers are generally smoked (stems, roots and seeds do not contain appreciable levels) Also can be ingested by placing marijuana in brownies Engineered marijuana can have up to 40% THC levels Sticky resin from flowering part of plants can be used to form hash Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Marijuana Has been used to treat glaucoma, and may stop disease, but does not reverse it Claims have been made that marijuana use may relieve nausea symptoms of people undergoing chemotherapy USFDA has not approved use of marijuana for either of these Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Hallucinogens LSD- lysergic acid diethylamide- is most potent hallucinogen 50 micrograms can cause audio and visual hallucinations for up to 12 hours Typically used as blotter acid Made into microdots such as orange sunshine, purple haze or on decals Mixed with gelatin to form window panes Can be absorbed through skin Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Hallucinogens Peyote- cactus found in SW United States Native American tribes used buttons from plants for religious ceremonies Psilocybin- found in mushrooms. Ingestion causes hallucinations Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Narcotics Generally referred to substances that are derived from resin of Opium poppy 10% of resin contains morphine, which is a powerful narcotic that relieves pain and causes sleep Codeine is also found in opium Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Heroin Heroin is semi-synthetic substance made from morphine. Heroin is 10 x stronger than morphine Sold in street as a white or brown powder that is 3-10% strong Powder is mixed with water, heated, and filtered before being pulled into syringe Commonly injected with syringe Methadone is substitute drug used by people trying to break heroin addiction Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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Analysis of Illicit Drugs
Consideration for analysis of drugs: What is drug and what form is it in? Is there a large amount of the drug in one package or in many packages? Is there a very small amount of the drug? Is the weight of the drug mixture a consideration? Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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Requirements for Analysis of Drugs
Any conclusion by forensic scientist in court must be scientifically reliable and defendable Must testify to a degree of reasonable scientific certainty, which is court standard of proof Drug samples must have one confirmatory test Must be established protocols for analysis of drugs Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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Schemes for Analysis of Drugs
Tests for drugs generally proceed from general to specific Screening tests are also known as field or spot tests. Color changes occur as result of presence of drug. Separation tests used on drugs that are cut (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine), Gas or liquid chromatography may be used Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Confirmation tests Presence of drug must be confirmed Most crime laboratories use mass spectrometry to confirm presence of drug Marijuana generally does not require confirmatory tests Minute or excessive amounts of drugs present special concerns in confirmatory testing Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Extended Notes Pablo Escobar- Watch Scarface “ Research 1980’s Circuit” Most common source of narcotic drug is opium. Morphine id extracted from opium and used to synthesize heroin. Marijuana- has been used for over 3000 years. 1st Reference to medical Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
Marijuana US in around 1920’s by Mexican Laborers 1937 The US Government and 46 States made it illegal designated as a narcotic. Presentation by Greg Galardi, Peru State College CRC Press, Jay A. Siegel Ph.D.
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