1. Classification Notes
Chapter 17

2. Why Classify?
Over 50 common names for the organism above according to where it is located. Why is this a problem?
Florida Panther
Ghost Cat
Mountain Lion
Screaming Cat
Devil Cat
Cougar

3. To organize the 2.5 million species
Why Classify?
To organize the 2.5 million species
To easily communicate
To show evolutionary relationships

4. Assigning Names
Scientists began to group organisms in a system called classification
Formal name for this system is Taxonomy
Taxonomy = branch of biology that groups and names organisms

5. Binomial Nomenclature
Developed by Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, in the 1700s
Grouped organisms by physical and structural similarities
The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy
The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other

6. Binomial Nomenclature
Linnaeus’s system contained 7 levels or taxa
Taxon = each level in the classification system
The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy
The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other

7. Broadest
Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species
A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring
Narrowest

8. The Complete Classification System
How to remember them!
Dear
King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Gold
Specks
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species Do
Kings
Play
Cards On
Fat
Green
Stools?

9. The Human Species
Domain:
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
Eukarya (Cells with nucleus)
Animalia (Animal in Latin)
Chordata (Has a notochord)
Mammalia (Mammary glands)
Primates (Opposable thumb)
Hominidae (Bipedalism)
Homo (man)
sapien (wise)

10. The Old System = 5 Kingdoms
5 Kingdom Classification System:
Monera: all prokaryotes
Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)
Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile eukaryotes
Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile eukaryotes
Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile eukaryotes

11. 6 Kingdom Proposal Archebacteria EUbacteria
6 Kingdom Classification System
Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria
(formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Protista (same)
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

12. The Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protist
Fungi
Plants
Animals

13. Prokaryotic Cell Simplest Cells DNA is NOT in a nucleus
Does NOT have membrane-bound organelles
Organisms in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Kingdoms

14. Eukaryotic Cell DNA IS in a nucleus
Cells are more complex
DNA IS in a nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, ER, golgi, & chloroplasts (in plants)
Organisms in the Protist, Fungi, Plant, & Animal Kingdoms

15. Unicellular Made of 1 cell
ALL organisms in the Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Kingdoms
MOST Protists & some Fungi

16. Multicellular ALL oOrganisms in the Plant & Animal Kingdoms
Made of many cells
ALL oOrganisms in the Plant & Animal Kingdoms
SOME Protists & MOST Fungi

17. Animal-Like (Protozoans) Fungus-Like Plant-Like
Kingdom Protista Microbes including slime molds, protozoa, and primitive algae
Animal-Like
(Protozoans)
Paramecium
Giardia
Amoeba
Fungus-Like
Includes All Protists:
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)
Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia
Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)
Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae
Fungus-Like Protists
Examples: Water molds, slime molds
Plant-Like
Water Mold
Slime Mold
Diatom
Euglena
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Dinoflagellates

18. Kingdom Fungi Importance: Break down dead organic matter to cycle nutrients through ecosystems
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens
Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil

19. Kingdom Plantae Autotrophs = make their own food from sunlight
Primitive Plants
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Complex Plants
Pteridophyte(Fern)
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms
Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide
Common Phyla:
Bryophyta (mosses)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)
Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Angiosperm; Dicot
Angiosperm; Monocot

20. Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes Kingdom Animalia
Heterotrophs = obtain food from other organisms
Porifera
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms
Common Phyla:
Porifera (sponges, corral)
Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)
Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms)
Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes

21. Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Molluska Echinodermata Kingdom Animalia
Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)
Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)
Chordata (those with spinal chords)
Molluska
Echinodermata

22. How are Evolutionary Relationships Determined?
Structural similarities
Breeding behavior
Geographical distribution
Chromosome comparisons
Biochemistry
The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy
The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other

23. Dichotomous Key
A dichotomous key is a set of numbered statements used to identify the name of an organism.
“Dichotomous” means divided into two parts.

24. Smurf Dichotomous Key Wearing white pants… go to 2
Not wearing white pants…go to 3
Has glasses… Brainy Smurf
no glasses… go to 4
Red pants…Papa Smurf
White dress…Smurfette
White pants are overalls…Handy Smurf
White pants are not overalls… go to 5
5. Carries a mirror…Vanity Smurf
Carries a trumpet…Harmony Smurf

25. Dichotomous Key
Create a Dichotomous Key to organize and name these organisms