1. Vocabulary
8th U.S. History

2. Exploration Absolute chronology Relative chronology Exploration Trade
Resource

3. Absolute Chronology
Events that happen on a specific date

4. Absolute chronology Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: N/A
The scientists were able to identify the absolute chronology of the item through carbon dating it.
Question to Ponder:
Would a graph illustrating the severity of earthquakes in a given year illustrate “absolute chronology?”

5. Relative Chronology
Events that happen on during a specific period of time

6. Relative chronology Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: N/A
The archaeologists used the soil samples to identify the relative chronology of the artifacts.
Question to Ponder:
Would the rings on a tree help a botanist identify its “relative chronology?”

7. Exploration
Having traveled to new territories for adventure or discovery

8. Exploration Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Explore Explores
Exploring
Explored
Explorer
The sailors arrived on the beach, eager to explore their new surroundings.
Question to Ponder:
Would an “explorer” need to discover a territory that has already been mapped?

9. Trade
Purchasing or selling things

10. trade Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Trades Trader Trading Traded
I traded my phone for a pencil in Mrs. Fisher’s class.
Question to Ponder:
Would I “trade” something if I ‘borrowed’ it without asking?

11. Resource
Something that a country can use to increase its wealth

12. Resource Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Resources Resourced
Resourcing
One of the greatest later twentieth century resources in the world was oil.
Question to Ponder:
Would a hurricane be considered a “resource” for a country?

13. Early Colonization
Colony
Persecution
Political
Economic
Social

14. Colony
Group of people who migrate to and settle in new lands

15. Colony Forms: Example: Question to Ponder:
Colonies
Colonial
Colonist
Colonize
Colonized
Colonizing
Colonization
English citizens came to the New World to establish a colony.
Question to Ponder:
Would a person who sets up a tent in his/her backyard be establishing a “colony?”

16. Persecution
Treating someone cruelly or unfairly due to ethnicity or personal beliefs

17. Persecution Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Persecuting Persecuted
Persecutor
Some colonists came to the New World because of religious persecution in their own country.
Question to Ponder:
Could a person be “persecuted” if he/she was dressed differently than other people?

18. Political
Pertaining to the government

19. Political Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Politics Politician
The political world in the U.S. is focused on the presidential election.
Question to Ponder:
Would student representatives be considered part of a “political” organization?

20. Economic
Pertaining to money

21. Economic Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Economy Economies
The economy is doing better than it was in 2008.
Question to Ponder:
Would opening a successful business help someone’s economic standing?

22. Social
Pertaining to society

23. Social Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Society Societies
As a diverse country, we have many different social traditions.
Question to Ponder:
Would holidays be considered part of someone’s “social” culture?

24. First Colonies
Missionary
Burgess
Analyze
Evaluate
Criteria

25. Missionary
Person sent to another place to spread their religious beliefs to natives

26. Missionary Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Missionaries Missioner
Spanish explorers sent missionaries to convert the inhabitants of Central America.
Question to Ponder:
If a person convinced someone else to believe his/her religious beliefs, would he/she be considered a “missionary?”

27. Burgess
Representative in colonial government

28. burgess Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Burgesses
The colonial burgess established new laws for the colony.
Question to Ponder:
Would a king and queen need to create a “burgess“ In order to run their country?

29. Analyze
Carefully studying something

30. analyze Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Analyzes Analyzing
Analyzed
Analyzer
The scientist analyzed the blood sample for any abnormalities.
Question to Ponder:
Would I have successfully “analyzed” a puzzle if I could not identify the big picture?

31. Evaluate
Carefully judging something’s worth

32. Evaluate Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Evaluates Evaluating
Evaluated
Evaluation
The student’s work was evaluated by the teacher.
Question to Ponder:
Would a person need to “evaluate” the situation in order to determine how to act accordingly?

33. criteria
Something used as a reason for making a judgment or decision

34. criteria Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Criterions Criterion
The club had few criteria required for membership.
Question to Ponder:
Should a student check the assignment’s “criteria” before handing it in to the teacher?

35. Southern Colonies Primary Source Secondary Source Slavery Cash Crop
Agriculture

36. Primary source
Information recorded at the time of the event

37. Primary source Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Primary sources
The primary source letter from the colonial leader helped the student understand the burgess.
Question to Ponder:
Would a picture taken at last week’s football game be considered a “primary source?”

38. Secondary source
Information derived from primary sources

39. Secondary source Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Secondary sources
The teacher used the textbook as a secondary source for students to understand history.
Question to Ponder:
Would the text you sent to your friend about the game she was unable to attend be considered a “secondary source?”

40. slavery
The practice of keeping a person as property and forcing them to serve another person

41. slavery Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Slave Slaves Enslaved
The Atlantic slave trade began after the Portuguese explored the African coastline.
Question to Ponder:
Would a parent requiring a child to do their chores be an example of “slavery?”

42. Cash Crop
Crops that are grown to be sold for a profit

43. Cash Crop Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Cash crops
Early southern colonists planted tobacco as a staple cash crop.
Question to Ponder:
If I grew wheat and kept it to mill into flour, and then sell the flour, would I have a “cash crop?”

44. Agriculture
Farming or ranching

45. Agriculture Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Agricultures
Agricultural
Agriculturally
Agriculturalist
I learned about the basics of crop production in agriculture class.
Question to Ponder:
Would I be considered an “agriculturalist” if I raised chickens and cows?

46. Southern Colonies II Tolerance Debt Population Protestant
Roman Catholic

47. Tolerance
Fair attitude for a person’s different beliefs

48. Tolerance Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Tolerate Tolerates
Tolerant
People are more tolerant today than in past generations.
Question to Ponder:
If a person judged others because they acted differently, would this person be considered “tolerant?”

49. Debt
Amount of money that is owed to someone else

50. Debt Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Debts Debtor Debtors Indebted
Indentured servants owed a debt to the people who brought them over to the New World from England.
Question to Ponder:
Would I owe a “debt” if I borrowed someone’s notes from when I was absent?

51. Population
Number of people who live in a place

52. population Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Populations Populated
Populates
Populating
The southern population of the colonies increased after the introduction of tobacco to the New World.
Question to Ponder:
Would birth rates and death rates contribute to “population” totals?

53. Protestant
Christian believer who is not a member of the Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Church

54. protestant Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Protestants
There are many protestant religions in the world.
Question to Ponder:
If I follow the teachings of the Pope, am I considered a “protestant?”

55. Roman Catholic
Christian believer belonging to the church that is led by the Pope in Rome

56. Roman Catholic Forms: Example: Question to Ponder: Roman Catholics
Roman Catholicism
Many families in Mexico are Roman Catholic because the Spanish explorers were primarily Catholic.
Question to Ponder:
If I belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church, am I a “Roman Catholic?”