1. OPERATIONS ON PARALLEL OR NEAR-PARALLEL RUNWAYS

2. OBJECTIVE
At the end of this topic, students will be able to explain the need for, the methods and the key features of operations on parallel or near-parallel runways according to Doc 4444, Chapter 6.7, Doc 8168, Annex 14, Doc 9643 (Manual on Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near Parallel Instrument Runways ).
ICAO 2

3. ITEMS OF TOPIC ITEM I. DEFINITIONS ITEM II. GENERAL INFORMATION
ITEM III. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR
INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
ICAO 3

4. ITEMS OF TOPIC ITEM IV. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR
DEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
ITEM V. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR SEGREGATED PARALLEL OPERATIONS
ICAO 4

5. ITEM I DEFINITIONS
ICAO 5

6. DEFINITIONS
Dependent parallel approaches (Зависимые параллельные заходы на посадку). Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallel instrument runways(оборудованные ВПП) where radar separation minima between aircraft on adjacent extended runway centre lines(осевая линия) are prescribed
Independent parallel approaches (Независимые параллельные заходы на посадку). Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallel instrument runways where radar separation minima between aircraft on adjacent extended runway centre lines are not prescribed
ICAO 6

8. DEFINITIONS
Independent parallel departures (Независимые параллельные вылеты). Simultaneous departures from parallel or near-parallel instrument runways
Near-parallel runways (Почти параллельные ВПП). Non-intersecting runways whose extended centre lines have an angle of convergence/divergence of 15 degrees or less

9. Take into account

10. DEFINITIONS
Normal operating zone (NOZ) (Зона нормальных полетов). Airspace of defined dimensions extending to either side of an ILS localizer course and/or MLS final approach track. Only the inner half of the normal operating zone is taken into account in independent parallel approaches

11. DEFINITIONS
No transgression zone (NTZ) (Промежуточная защитная зона). In the context of independent parallel approaches, a corridor of airspace of defined dimensions located centrally between the two extended runway centre lines, where a penetration by an aircraft requires a controller intervention to maneuver any threatened aircraft on the adjacent approach

12. Break out turn and climb
3200 feet
Break out turn and climb
2200 feet
Aircraft receives a break out
turn and climb OM OM
NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE
14L
14R 12

13. Questions
and
answers

14. QUESTION
What are the definitions of dependent parallel approaches, independent parallel approaches, near-parallel runways and no transgression zone? 14

15. ITEM II GENERAL INFORMATION
ICAO 15

16. Recommendation (Annex 14, Volume I)
Where parallel instrument runways are intended for simultaneous use subject to conditions specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and the PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, the minimum distance between their centre lines should be:
— m for independent parallel approaches; — 915 m for dependent parallel approaches; — 760 m for independent parallel departures; — 760 m for segregated parallel operations;

17. Independent instrument departures
Parallel runways may be used for independent instrument departures as follows:
both runways are used exclusively for departures (independent departures)
one runway is used exclusively for departures while the other runway is used for a mixture of arrivals and departures (semi-mixed operation)
both runways are used for mixed arrivals and departures (mixed operation)
ICAO 17

18. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL DEPARTURES18

19. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL DEPARTURES19

20. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL DEPARTURES20

21. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL DEPARTURES21

22. Questions
and
answers

23. QUESTION
What are the types of operations on parallel or near-parallel runways?
ICAO 23

24. ITEM III REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT ARALLEL APPROACHES
ICAO 24

25. REQUIREMENTS FOR PARALLEL APPROACHES
Parallel runways may be used for simultaneous instrument operations for:
Independent parallel approaches
Dependent parallel approaches
Segregated parallel operations

26. REQUIREMENTS FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
Independent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided that:
the runway centre lines are spaced by the distance specified in Annex 14, Volume I (1035 m)
instrument landing system (ILS) and/or microwave landing system (MLS) approaches are being conducted on both runways
the missed approach track for one approach diverges by at least 30 degrees from the missed approach track of the adjacent approach

27. REQUIREMENTS FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
an obstacle survey and evaluation is completed, as appropriate, for the areas adjacent to the final approach segments
aircraft are advised of the runway identification and ILS localizer or MLS frequency as early as possible
vectoring is used to intercept the ILS localizer course or the MLS final approach track
a no transgression zone (NTZ) at least 610 m (2 000 ft) wide is established equidistant(равноудаленный) between extended runway centre lines and is depicted on the situation display

28. REQUIREMENTS FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
if no dedicated radio channels are available for the controllers to control the aircraft until landing:
transfer of communication of aircraft to the respective aerodrome controller’s channel is effected before the higher of two aircraft on adjacent final approach tracks intercepts the ILS glide path or the specified MLS elevation angle(угол места)
the controllers monitoring the approaches to each runway are provided with the capability to override (прерывать) transmissions of aerodrome control on the respective radio channels for each arrival flow

29. PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
As early as practicable after an aircraft has established communication with approach control, the aircraft shall be advised that independent parallel approaches are in force. This information may be provided through the ATIS broadcasts

30. PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
When vectoring to intercept the ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track, the final vector shall enable the aircraft to intercept the ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track at an angle not greater than 30 degrees and to provide at least 2 km (1.0 NM) straight and level flight prior to ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track intercept. The vector shall also enable the aircraft to be established on the ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track in level flight for at least 3.7 km (2.0 NM) prior to intercepting the ILS glide path or specified MLS elevation angle

31. NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE 3200 feet 2200 feet OM OM 14L 14R 3 Miles or
Aircraft may be vectored to either
one of both runways
1000 feet
2200 feet OM
3 Miles OM
NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE
14L
14R

32. PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
When assigning the final heading to intercept the ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track, the runway shall be confirmed, and the aircraft shall be advised of:
its position relative to a fix on the ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track
the altitude to be maintained until established on the ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track to the ILS glide path or specified MLS elevation angle(угол места) intercept point
if required, clearance for the appropriate ILS or MLS approach
All approaches regardless(независимо) of meteorological conditions shall be provided with flight path monitoring using radar. Control instructions and information necessary to ensure separation between aircraft and to ensure aircraft do not enter the NTZ shall be issued

33. PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
Note 1.— The primary responsibility for navigation on the ILS localizer course and/or MLS final approach track rests with the pilot. Control instructions and information are therefore issued only to ensure separation between aircraft and to ensure that aircraft do not penetrate the NTZ.
Note 2.— For the purpose of ensuring an aircraft does not penetrate the NTZ, the aircraft is considered to be the centre of its position symbol. However, the edges of the position symbols representing aircraft executing parallel approaches are not allowed to touch.

34. PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
When an aircraft is observed to overshoot(проскочил) the turn-on or to continue on a track which will penetrate the NTZ, the aircraft shall be instructed to return immediately to the correct track
When an aircraft is observed penetrating the NTZ, the aircraft on the adjacent ILS localizer course or MLS final approach track shall be instructed to immediately climb and turn to the assigned altitude/height and heading in order to avoid the deviating aircraft

35. Break out turn and climb
3200 feet
Break out turn and climb
2200 feet
Aircraft receives a break out
turn and climb OM OM
NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE
14L
14R

36. PROCEDURES FOR INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
Flight path monitoring using radar shall not be terminated until:
visual separation is applied, provided procedures ensure that both controllers are advised whenever visual separation is applied
the aircraft has landed, or in case of a missed approach, is at least 2 km (1.0 NM) beyond(удаления) the departure end of the runway and adequate separation with any other traffic is established

37. PRM specific procedures
3200 feet
PRM specific procedures
2200 feet OM OM
NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE
14L
14R

38. PRM specific procedures
3200 feet
Radar monitoring provided from these points
to ensure separation between aircraft on
parallel localizers
2200 feet OM OM
NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE
14L
14R

39. PRM specific procedures
3200 feet OM
2200 feet
Radar monitoring not provided
beyond 0.5 NM of runway
departure OM
NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE
14L
14R

40. SUSPENSION OF INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES TO CLOSELY-SPACED PARALLEL RUNWAYS
Independent parallel approaches to parallel runways spaced by less than m between their centre lines shall be suspended under certain meteorological conditions, as prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, including wind shear, turbulence, downdrafts, crosswind and significant meteorological conditions such as thunderstorms, which might otherwise increase ILS localizer course and/ or MLS final approach track deviations to the extent that safety may be impaired

41. Questions
and
answers

42. QUESTION
What are the requirements for independent parallel approaches?
ICAO 42

43. QUESTION
What are the main procedures for independent parallel approaches?
ICAO 43

44. ITEM IV REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR DEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
ICAO 44

45. REQUIREMENTS FOR DEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
Dependent parallel approaches may be conducted to parallel runways provided:
the runway centre lines are spaced by the distance specified in Annex 14, Volume I (915 m)
the aircraft are vectored to intercept (захватить) the final approach track
suitable surveillance radar with a minimum azimuth accuracy of 0.3 degrees (one sigma) and update period of 5 seconds or less is available
ILS and/or MLS approaches are being conducted on both runways

46. REQUIREMENTS FOR DEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES
aircraft are advised that approaches are in use to both runways (this information may be provided through the ATIS)
the missed approach track for one approach diverges by at least 30 degrees from the missed approach track of the adjacent approach
approach control has a frequency override capability to aerodrome control

47. OM
3 Miles
2 Miles OM
14L
14R 47

48. Questions
and
answers

49. QUESTION What are the requirements for dependent parallel approaches?
ICAO 49

50. QUESTION
What are the main procedures for dependent parallel approaches?
ICAO 50

51. ITEM V REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR SEGREGATED PARALLEL OPERATIONS
ICAO 51

52. REQUIREMENTS FOR SEGREGATED PARALLEL OPERATIONS (FIGURE 1)

53. PROCEDURES FOR SEGREGATED PARALLEL OPERATIONS
The minimum distance between parallel runway centre lines for segregated parallel operations may be decreased by 30 m for each 150 m that the arrival runway is staggered (смещена) toward the arriving aircraft, to a minimum of 300 m (see Figure 2) and should be increased by 30 m for each 150 m that the arrival runway is staggered away from the arriving aircraft (see Figure 3)

54. PROCEDURES FOR SEGREGATED PARALLEL OPERATIONS (FIGURE 2)

55. PROCEDURES FOR SEGREGATED PARALLEL OPERATIONS
The following types of approaches may be conducted in segregated parallel operations provided suitable surveillance radar and the appropriate ground facilities conform to the standard necessary for the specific type of approach:
ILS and/or MLS precision approach
surveillance radar approach (SRA) or precision approach radar (PAR) approach
visual approach

56. Questions
and
answers

57. QUESTION What are the requirements for segregated parallel operations?
ICAO 57

58. QUESTION
What are the main procedures for segregated parallel operations?
ICAO 58

59. POINTS TO REMEMBER
Definitions of dependent and independent parallel approaches, segregated parallel operations, no transgression zone (NTZ) and normal operating zone (NOZ)
Requirements of Annex 14, volume I to parallel instrument runways intended for simultaneous use
Requirements and procedures for independent parallel departures, dependent and independent parallel approaches, segregated parallel operations
Literature
Doc 4444 “Air traffic management”, Chapter 6.7
Doc 8168 “Aircraft operations”, volume I
Annex 14 to Chicago convention “Aerodromes”, volume I

60. ICAO 60