1. Biochemistry of Cells

2. Water About 60-90 percent of an organism is water
Water is used in most reactions of the body
Called the universal solvent

3. Properties of Water
Water is one of our most precious resources, it is found over much of the Earth’s surface, as ice, free-flowing water, and water vapor

4. Polarity
Water is considered polar because there is an unequal distribution of electrons across the Oxygen (O) and Hydrogen (H)

5. Hydrogen Bonding
Because of the polarity of water molecules, they can form hydrogen bonds with one another (they aren’t as strong as covalent or ionic, but help with some cool properties)
Cohesion (attraction between water molecules… water beads on surface)
Adhesion (attraction between water and a different substance…capillary action)

6. Carbon-based Molecules
Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules

7. Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Can form un to four covalent bonds

8. Hydrocarbons
The simplest carbon compounds …
Contain only C and H

9. Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other carbons
This forms a wide variety of Carbon Skeleton

10. Large Hydrocarbons:
Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars
Hydrocarbons of molecules provide energy for our body

11. Giant Molecules - Polymers
Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomers
Biologists call them macromolecules

12. Polymer Formation
Monomers join to form polymers in the process of dehydration synthesis:
Water is lost
Polymers are broken down by hydrolysis:
Water is required

13. Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four categories of large molecules in cells:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid

14. Carbohydrates Composed of C, H, and O: Carbohydrates include:
C:H:O 1:2:1
Carbohydrates include:
Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

15. Monosaccharides: Simplest type of carb.
Called simple sugars
Ex. Glucose and fructose
Two monosaccharides can combine to form a disaccharides

16. Disaccharides
A disaccharide is a double sugar made by joining two monosaccharides
Lactose
Sucrose

17. Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many monosacharides linked together
Polymers of monosacharides S

18. Lipids Function: Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
Have a large proportion of C-H bonds
Function:
Store energy
Help insulate
Cushion and protect organs

19. Lipid Structure Lipids consist of: Two types of fatty acids:
One glycerol
Three fatty acid chains
Two types of fatty acids:
Saturated
Unsaturated

20. Lipid Structure Lipids have a much greater Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio
Very little oxygen
Two types of fatty acids:
Saturated
Unsaturated

21. Types of Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty acids = have less than the max C-H bonds (have a double bond)
Saturated Fatty Acids = have the maximum number of C-H bonds (no double bond)

22. Lipid Formation

23. Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
20 different amino acids exist
This allows for greater variation
Proteins carry out many of the jobs in cell metabolism
Act as enzymes

24. Structure of Amino Acids
Consist of a central carbon with an amino group, R side chain, Hydrogen, and Carboxylic Acid group attached.
Amino acids
link through
peptide bonds
The number
and order of
aa determines
the protein

25. Linking Amino Acids Cells link amino acids together to make proteins
This process is called dehydration synthesis
Peptide bonds form between amino acids
Peptide Bond

26. Calorimeter Calorimeters measure the heat lost by something.
Measure heat loss in calories
What macromolecule do you think will release the most heat

27. Nucleic Acids Information storage molecule
Cellular process info.
Stores hereditary information
Two types: DNA and RNA
Made of monomers called nucleotides

29. Nucleotides Contain: C, H, O, N, and P atoms arranged in three groups:
A base 
A sugar
A phosphate group

30. Nucleotides RNA contains the sugar Ribose
Ribonucleic Acid
DNA contains the sugar Deoxyribose
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

31. Nucleic Acids

32. Macromolecules

33. Macromolecules

34. End