1. Animal Basics, Invertebrates, and Vertebrates

2. Part 1: Animal Basics

3. Characteristics Shared by All Animals
Multicellular with specialized cells
Eukaryotic cells with no cell wall or chloroplasts
Heterotrophs by ingestion (digest food inside their bodies)
Bodies are made of diploid cells (gametes are the only haploid cells)
Glucose stored as glycogen (a polysaccharide only found in animals)
Most are mobile at some point in their life cycle

4. Early Development
Diploid zygote (formed by fertilization of egg by sperm) divides by mitosis several times to form a blastula (a hollow ball of cells)
Gastrulation = one side of ball folds in ; this creates a new shape called the gastrula and forms the early tissue layers (germ layers)
Diploblastic organisms have two germ layers and Triploblastic organisms have three germ layers

5. Germ Layers in Triploblastic Organisms
Endoderm- forms lining of digestive tract, digestive (LIVER, PANCREAS) & respiratory organs (LUNGS)
Mesoderm- forms muscle, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems
Ectoderm- forms outer covering ( epidermis) brain, central nervous system

6. Patterns of Development (during and after gastrulation) in Certain Animal Groups
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Spiral Cleavage = when mitosis occurs to create new cells, the cells appear to twist
Radial Cleavage = when mitosis occurs to create new cells, the cells appear to stack on top of each other
Determinate Cleavage = the “fate” (intended function) of each cell is decided / determined early (If you were to remove one cell, it could not develop into a full embryo)
Indeterminate Cleavage = each cell created during early cleavage has an undetermined fate and could develop into a full embryo if removed
Hole/fold (blastopore) created during gastrulation becomes the mouth of the organism
Hole/fold (blastopore) created during gastrulation becomes the anus of the organism
Examples: All triploblastic organisms except echinoderms and chordates
Examples: Echinodorms and chordates

8. Body Cavity
A fluid-filled space to separate the digestive tract from the body wall.
Provides cushioning
A true coelem (eucoelom) is fully lined along the body wall and digestive tract with mesoderm tissue
For three variations on body cavities (see next slide)

9. Three Variations on Body Cavities
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate
No cavity between body wall and digestive tract ; complete filled with mesoderm tissue
Cavity present but mesoderm lines only the body wall (not the digestive tract)
Cavity present and mesoderm lines the body wall and digestive tract
Example: Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Example: Roundworms
(Nematodes)
Example: Segmented Worms (Annelids) and all other triploblasts

11. Body Symmetry Asymmetry Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry
Cannot cut down any line/plane and see identical pieces on each side
Can cut down SEVERAL planes and see identical pieces on each side
Can cut down ONE plane and see identical pieces on each side
Example: Porifera
Example: Most animals (includes vertebrates, arthropods, etc.)
Example: Cnidarians (ex: jellyfish) and mature Echinoderms (ex: starfish)

12. Cephalization
Concentration of sensory organs / neurons and the “brain” (if present) in the anterior (front) region of the body
Allows for: directed movement, quick sensing of stimuli and response
Found in bilaterally-symmetric organisms

13. Part 2: The Nine Animal Phyla (mostly invertebrates)

14. Creating Your Animal Phyla Chart
Create a column for each of the basic animal traits: Germ Layers, Coelom, Pattern of Development, Symmetry, Cephalization
Create a column for major body structures (this should be large)
Create a column for example organisms

15. Porifera: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
None
Acoelomate
N/A
Asymmetrical No

16. Porifera: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism
-Specialized cells with flagella called “choanocytes” filter water to feed on tiny organisms
-Specilazed cells called amoebocytes digest the tiny organisms
-Water exits sponge through an opening called the “osculum”
-Sponge wall contains skeletal needles made of calcium carbonate for protection
Sponge

17. Cnidaria: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Diploblast
Acoelomate
N/A
Radial No

18. Cnidaria: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism
-Two body forms at different points in the life cycle (medusa = free floating, umbrella-shaped with tentacles pointing down ; polyp = non-moving, attached to ground, tentacles point up)
-Stinging cells called nematocysts found on tentacles
Jelly fish
Hydra

19. Platyhelminthes: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblast
Acoelomate
Protostome
Bilateral
Yes

20. Platyhelminthes: Specifics
Major Body Structures
Example Organism
-Only one opening to digestive tract (serves as mouth AND anus, yuck!) or none (if a parasite, they just absorb pre-digested food around them)
-Open circulation of fluids
-Planaria are cephalized with ganglia (a concentration of nerve cells) and eyespots in the front of the body
Tapeworms
Flukes
Planaria
(Flatworms)

21. Nematoda: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblast
Pseudocoelomate
Protostome
Bilateral
Yes

22. Nematoda: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism
-Complete digestive tract with two openings (mouth and anus)
-mostly free-living in the soil and act as decomposers ; some parasites
Hookworms
Pinworms
(Roundworms)

23. Annelida: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblast
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Bilateral
Yes

24. Annelida: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism
-Body is segmented
-Mostly hermaphrodites with a body segment called the “clitellum” containing sperm and eggs ; typically do not fertilize themselves
-Five hearts and closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels
Earthworms
Leeches
(Segmented Worms)

25. Mollusca: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblast
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Bilateral
Yes

26. Mollusca: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism
-Most (with the exception of the cephalopods) have a distinct shell
-3 main body parts:
Foot – muscle for locomotion
Mantle – secretes shell
Visceral Mass – contains internal organs
-Most have an open circulatory system with fluid (hemolymph) pumped from heart into body cavity
-Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system and
Gastropods (slugs, snails)
Bivalves (clams)
Cephalopods (octopi, squid)

27. Arthropoda: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblast
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Bilateral
Yes

28. Arthropoda: Specifics
Major Body Structures
Example Organism
-segmented bodies (ex: head, thorax, and abdomen of insects)
-exoskeleton (external skeleton) made of chitin
-jointed (bent) appendages (limbs) – ex: our arms would be considered jointed due to our elbows
-open circulatory system
Crustaceans (crabs, scorpions, spiders)
Insects
Centipedes
Millipedes

29. Echinodermata: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblast
Eucoelomate
Deuterostome
Radial No

30. Echinodermata: Specifics
Major Body Structures
Example Organism
-Spiny skin with a “calcium-plate” endoskeleton
-tube feet on the “ventral” (mouth) side use suction for locomotion
-Have a complete digestive tract with mouth and anus at the center of their bodies
Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins

31. Chordata: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Coelom
Development
Symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblast
Eucoelomate
Deuterostome
Bilateral
Yes

32. Chordata: Specifics Major Body Structures Example Organism
4 Main Features (some are only temporary)
-notochord (becomes the backbone, used for support)
-dorsal hollow nerve cord (becomes the spinal cord and brain)
-pharyngeal gill slits (only retained in fish after embryonic development)
-muscular tail (may be lost during development)
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

33. Part 3: The Five Vertebrate Classes

34. Creating Your Vertebrate Classes Chart
Create a column for each trait listed: gash exchange, heart, excreting waste, ecto vs. endoderm, and reproduction
Create a column for major body structures (this should be large)
Create a column for example organisms

35. Fish: Basic Traits Gas Exchange Heart Excreting Waste
Ecto vs. Endotherm
Reproduction
Gills
Two chambers (one loop circulation)
Excrete nitrogen waste as highly toxic liquid ammonia
Ectotherm
External fertilization (gametes meet in water outside the body)

36. Unique Body Structures and Functions
Fish: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
Example Organism
-Scales and fins
-Agnatha = jawless fish
-Chondrichthyes = endoskeleton of cartilage
-Osteichthyes = endoskeleton of bone
-Agnatha = lampreys, hagfish
-Chondrichthyes = sharks, skates, rays
-Osteichthyes = tuna, swordfish, almost all fish you know!

37. Amphibians: Basic Traits
Gas Exchange
Heart
Excreting Waste
Ecto vs. Endotherm
Reproduction
Two Ways (diffusion through thin, moist skin and via lungs)
Three chambers (two-loop circulation)
Excrete nitrogen waste as less toxic urea
Ectotherm
External fertilization ; lay eggs without shells

38. Amphibians: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
Example Organism
-Aquatic larvae morphs into terrestrial adult
-First tetrapods (four-limbed) organisms
-Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, Newts,

39. Reptiles: Basic Traits
Gas Exchange
Heart
Excreting Waste
Ecto vs. Endotherm
Reproduction
Lungs only
Three chambers (two-loop circulation)
Excrete nitrogen waste as thick, mildly-toxic uric acid (minimizes water loss)
Ectotherm
Internal fertilization ; lay amniotic eggs (oviparous) with leathery shells

40. Unique Body Structures and Functions
Reptiles: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
Example Organism
-The first fully terrestrial vertebrate
-Thick scaly skin
-Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles

41. Aves (Birds): Basic Traits
Gas Exchange
Heart
Excreting Waste
Ecto vs. Endotherm
Reproduction
Air sacs in lungs for more efficient gas exchange
Four chamber heart (two-loop circulation)
Excrete nitrogen waste as uric acid
Endotherm
Internal Fertilization ; aminotic eggs with hard calcium shells

42. Aves (Birds): Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
Example Organism
-Hollow, light bones and wings for flight
-Feathers for light-weight insulation and flight
-Excrete uric acid through a common urogenital / digestive opening called the cloaca
Flamingos, sparrows, toucans, eagles

43. Mammals: Basic Traits Gas Exchange Heart Excreting Waste
Ecto vs. Endotherm
Reproduction
Lungs
Four chambers (two-loop circulation)
Excrete nitrogen waste as urea via urine AND sweat!
Endotherm
Internal fertilization

44. Unique Body Structures and Functions
Mammals: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
Example Organism
-Excrete nitrogen waste as urea via urine AND sweat!
-defining features of mammals: fur for insulation and milk to nourish young
-Three types based on reproduction:
Placental mammals (offspring develop in uterus until more mature)
Monotremes (egg-laying mammals)
Marsupials (give birth to immature young that fully develop in mother’s external pouch)
Placental – humans, bears, dogs
Monotremes – platypi, echidnas
Marsupials – kangaroos, koalas