1. Practicing 1a What are some messages of this source?
The solution lies in enlarging the agricultural units and in changing the agricultural base of our national economy the Socialist way, which is to set up collective farms and state farms which leads to the joining together of the small peasant farms into large collective farms, technically and scientifically equipped, and to the squeezing out of the capitalist elements from agriculture Now we are able to carry on a determined offensive against the kulaks, to break their resistance, to eliminate them as a class and substitute for their output the output of the collective farms and state farms.
- Stalin, 1929
What are some messages of this source?

2. Practicing 1B
What are some messages of this cartoon?

3. Reviewing Stalin

4. The Chinese Civil War 1927-37 and 1946-49

5. Causes of the Chinese Civil War
Up to 1927

6. Long-Term Weaknesses of the State
Poor leadership of the Qing Dynasty (Manchus)
Failure to offer reforms, similar to Tsar Nicholas II
Opposition to the Self-Strengthening Movement
Regionalism
Warlords with their own local governments; little central control
Plight of the peasantry
Hard life, most extremely poor, subsistence farmers
Paid the taxes for imperial court
Faced starvation through floods
Population grew by 8 percent in second half of 1800s, land cultivated only by 1 percent
Famines more frequent
Land reduced, rents increased
Some driven to the cities where there was already high unemployment

7. Long-Term Weaknesses of the State
Rising Japan
Events
Sino-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
Effects
Japan presenting itself as the new dominant power in Asia
Western exploitation
Opium Wars and
Taiping Rebellion
Open Door China 1899
Boxer Rebellion 1900
China forced to sign unequal treaties over trade, territory, sovereignty
Foreigners established their own courts after not abiding Chinese laws
Missionaries attempted to spread Christianity
Inflation and corruption amongst local officials

8. Decline of the Manchus 1908 Emperor Zaitian died without an heir
Two year old, Puyi, to become the next Emperor
Prince Chun ruling as regent
Dismissed all political opposition, increased taxation and frustrated the business classes

9. Revolution and Its Aftermath
1911, (10/10) Double Tenth Revolution
General uprising, military turned on the Manchus, provinces declaring themselves independent
Successful, delegates come together to establish the Republic of China
February of 1912 Puyi formally abdicates the throne
Provisional government originally led by the revolutionary Sun Yixian
Taken over by the military commander Yuan Shikai

10. Sun and Yuan Arrangement was the result of a deal between Sun and Yuan
Yuan was promised the presidency in return for the military’s support in the revolution
Sun thought he could control him from; needed to avoid a civil war between his supporters and the military
The revolution was really incomplete
Would only turn into a military dictatorship
No real democracy, did not benefit the majority of the population (peasants)

11. Sun and Yuan
Sun goes on to formally reform his political party, the Guomindang in 1912
Left-wing party
Three principles
Nationalism
Democracy
People’s Livelihood
Land reform and centralized economics
Resentment quickly develops between the two men
Sun able to generate a general uprising in the Jiangxi province in the 1913 Second Revolution
Fails and the GMD leadership must flee to Japan

12. Fall of Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai a poor leader himself
Abolished regional governments
Increased tax levies
Weak response to Japan’s 1915 Twenty-One Demands
Declared himself the Emperor in 1916
Lost the support of his own military
Resigned and then died three months later

13. Warlord Era 1916-27 China now lacking a leader
Yuan dead
Sun in Japan with a weak GMD
Falling back into regionalism, power to the warlords
Territories run independently
Taxation and conscription particularly damaging to the peasants
Increased Chinese humiliation
Combined with persistent desire to remove foreign influences, actually led to increased nationalism

14. May Fourth Movement Two political movements early in this era
Re-birth of the GMD, earliest instance of the Chinese Communist Party
May Fourth Movement in 1919
Students led a mass demonstration in Beijing
Protesting the warlords, old Chinese culture and the Japanese rise
Ignited by the Treaty of Versailles and Shandong award to China
Likely influenced by the success of the Bolsheviks in Russia

15. A New Alliance 1921 CCP formally established
Support and funding from the Soviets through the Comintern
1923 political alliance between the GMD and CCP
First United Front
Goal to remove the warlords
Both leftist organizations
1925 Sun Yixian’s death changed the nature of the GMD
Chiang Kai-Shek wins out in a power struggle with Wang Jingwei
Backing of the military elements of the GMD and claim to the position as husband to Sun’s widow’s sister
Differently ideologically thought, much more rightist, capitalist

16. Northern Expedition
1926, First United Front begins military campaign to remove the warlords and foreign influences
By 1927, have captured Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing
GMD declares itself the legitimate government of China
Alliance had been one of convenience
Chiang Kai-Shek turns on the CCP and the remaining leftist elements in the GMD
CCP had been rising in popularity along the Northern Expedition
Promising an attractive reform program to the peasants and industrial workers

17. Beginning of the Chinese Civil War 1927-37
Attacks were known as the 1927 White Terror
Chiang saw it as an extension of attempts to unify China
Employed triads, gangsters, criminals to conduct a purification movement
Targeting communists, trade unionists, peasant leadership, etc.
CCP was nearly crushed at this stage, not comparable in terms of power
Remnants of the CCP flee to the Jiangxi province
GMD will pursue them south
Beginning of the civil war