1. 4 LOOKING BACK KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
Plants have a shoot system and a root system.
The root system anchors the plant in the ground and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. Some roots store food for the plant.
The shoot system is primarily responsible for photosynthesis: using solar energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water.
In most plants, the shoot system also produces flowers for sexual reproduction.
LOOKING BACK

2. 4 LOOKING BACK KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
The organization of tissues, organs, and systems is different in plants to that in animals.
Plant organs are generally referred to as plant parts.
Plant parts are made up of one or more of three different types of tissue: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
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3. 4 LOOKING BACK KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
Plants have dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems.
Dermal tissues form the outermost layer of plants.
There are two types of vascular tissue: xylem, which transports water and dissolved minerals up from the roots, and phloem, which transports the food produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant.
Ground tissue, found between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for photosynthesis, food storage, and support.
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4. 4 LOOKING BACK KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
Scientists can change the genetic makeup of plants.
For centuries, people have selected and grown plants that have the best characteristics.
Genetic engineering allows scientists to grow plants that produce substances that normally occur in other organisms.
Genetic engineering involves transferring selected sections of DNA from one organism to another. The organisms with the new genetic material are genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
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5. 4 LOOKING BACK KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
Plant tissue systems interact to perform complex tasks.
Specialized cells in the tissues of a leaf have functions related to photosynthesis.
The palisade layer and the spongy mesophyll contain the photosynthesizing cells.
Vascular tissue brings water and nutrients to the leaf and carries the manufactured food to other parts of the plant.
Guard cells in the epidermis create openings (stomata) that allow gas exchange and regulate water loss from the leaf.
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6. 4 LOOKING BACK KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
Meristems determine the pattern of plant growth.
Meristematic cells are unspecialized cells, similar to animal stem cells.
Meristematic cells are found in apical meristems at the root and shoot tips of all plants and in lateral meristems in the stems and roots of woody plants.
Cell division, growth, and differentiation in apical meristems make roots and shoots longer.
Cell division, growth, and differentiation in lateral meristems form new vascular tissue and epidermal tissue, making the stems wider.
LOOKING BACK

7. QUIZ
CHAPTER 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
1. Flowering plants have two main body systems. One is the root system, and the other is the
(a) flower system
(b) branch system
(c) stem system
(d) shoot system
2. Which of the following is not a major tissue system of plants?
(a) ground tissue
(b) phloem tissue
(c) vascular tissue
(d) dermal tissue

8. QUIZ
CHAPTER 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives.
3. What does xylem transport throughout a plant?
(a) solutions of sugars
(b) oxygen
(c) hormones
(d) water
4. For photosynthesis to occur, plants do not need
(a) oxygen
(b) water
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) energy

9. QUIZ
CHAPTER 4
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Copy each of the following statements into a notebook. Fill in the blanks with a term from the box below that correctly completes the sentence.
5. In woody plants, the epidermal tissue is replaced by the ___________, which forms the bark.
6. The primary function of leaves is ___________.
7. The green colour in leaves is produced by ______________, which absorbs ______________ to begin the photosynthesis process.
8. When ___________ are open, ___________ enters and ___________ exits the leaf.
9. _____________ help plants conserve water by changing their shape to respond to water levels in a plant.
carbon dioxide; chlorophyll; guard cells; light; oxygen; periderm tissue; photosynthesis; stomata

10. light energy; carbon dioxide; water; chlorophyll; glucose; oxygen
QUIZ
CHAPTER 4
SHORT ANSWER
10. Use the terms in the box to complete the photosynthesis formula in your notebook.
___________
__________ + __________ + __________ __________ + __________
light energy; carbon dioxide; water; chlorophyll; glucose; oxygen

11. 4 QUIZ ANSWERS MULTIPLE CHOICE
CHAPTER 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Flowering plants have two main body systems. One is the root system and the other is the
(a) flower system
(b) branch system
(c) stem system
(d) shoot system
2. Which of the following is not a major tissue system of plants?
(a) ground tissue
(b) phloem tissue
(c) vascular tissue
(d) dermal tissue

12. 4 QUIZ ANSWERS MULTIPLE CHOICE
CHAPTER 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
3. What does xylem transport throughout a plant?
(a) solutions of sugars
(b) oxygen
(c) hormones
(d) water
4. For photosynthesis to occur, plants do not need
(a) oxygen
(b) water
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) energy

13. 4 QUIZ ANSWERS FILL IN THE BLANKS
CHAPTER 4
FILL IN THE BLANKS
5. In woody plants, the epidermal tissue is replaced by the periderm tissue, which forms the bark.
6. The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis.
7. The green colour in leaves is produced by chlorophyll, which absorbs light to begin the photosynthesis process.
8. When stomata are open, carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the leaf.
9. Guard cells help plants conserve water by changing their shape to respond to water levels in a plant.

14. 4 QUIZ ANSWERS SHORT ANSWER 10.
CHAPTER 4
SHORT ANSWER
10.
light energy + carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
chlorophyll