1. Chapters 9 & 10
Energy

2. Energy: _____________________________________________
and work is a __________________________________.
Types of energy:
1. Kinetic energy - ______________________________
This depends on _____________ and _______________.
The formula for kinetic energy is
Kinetic energy = ________ or 1/2 mv2
where m = ___________ and v = _________________.
________________ has more of an effect on kinetic energy
than _____________ because it is ______________.
The ability to do work
transfer of energy
energy of motion
speed
mass
mv2 2
mass
speed
Speed
mass
squared
2. Potential energy - ______________________________
______________________________________________
Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s
___________ and _____________ and is equal to
__________ x _____________.
the energy an object has because
of its position or shape
weight
height
weight
height

3. 3. Mechanical energy - ___________________________
______________________________________________
Mechanical energy = ________________ + _____________
the total energy of motion and
position of an object
potential energy
kinetic energy
Forms of energy -
1. Thermal Energy - the total energy of the _____________ that
make up an object. Thermal energy depends on both the
____________ of the particles and the ______________ of
particles. For a particular substance, the __________ form
has less energy than the _____________ state which has less
energy than the ______________ state. Recall the definition
of _________________ as the average kinetic energy of an
object
particles
speed
number
solid
liquid
gaseous
temperature
2. Chemical Energy - the ____________ of a compound that
changes as its _________ are rearranged to form new
compounds. This is a form of _______________ energy.
Ex: In respiration, _____________ (C6H12O6) reacts with ________
to form ____________, _______________, and _______________.
energy
atoms
potential
glucose
oxygen
water
carbon dioxide
energy

4. 3. Electrical energy - the __________ of
moving _____________. This can be both
_______________ and ______________ energy.
energy
electrons
potential
kinetic
4. Sound energy - this is caused by an object’s _______________.
This can be _____________ and _____________ energy.
Ex: Plucking a guitar string - when the string is pulled, it has
______________ energy, and when it is let go, it ____________
with _______________ energy. This causes
_________ particles to vibrate,
passing on ____________
to the next air particles,
generating __________.
vibration
potential
kinetic
potential
vibrates
kinetic
air
vibrations
sound
5. Light energy - This is produced by the vibrations of __________
____________ particles which cause _________ to be transmitted.
electrically
charged
energy

5. 6. Nuclear energy - the ____________ associated with changes
in the _____________ of an atom. It can be produced when ___
or more nuclei __________ together or one nucleus __________
____________.
energy
nucleus 2
join
splits
apart
Energy Conversion - One form of ___________ can be converted
into any other form of energy, or more than one form of _________.
energy
energy

6. Kinetic energy can change to ____________
energy and back to __________ energy.
Ex: As you climb up the ladder to a sliding
board, you are using ___________ to get
there. At the top, you have ______________
energy, which changes to ____________ as you
slide down.
potential
kinetic
kinetic
potential
kinetic
Ex: The pendulum

7. Other examples of energy changing form:
1. __________ energy changes to ____________ energy during
photosynthesis.
2. _______________ energy changes to _____________ energy
when we use energy from food to keep our bodies at 98.6 F.
3. _______________ changes to _______________ and__________
energy when we use our muscles.
4. ______________ energy changes to ____________ energy when
we turn on a flashlight and ____________ when we turn on a fan.
5. ______________ energy changes to ______________ energy
when we use batteries.
Light
chemical
Chemical
thermal
Chemical
mechanical
thermal
Electrical
light
kinetic
Chemical
electrical
Conservation of energy - In a closed system, the total amount of
energy will not change, even though energy can change form. As
energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy is
always changed to ______________ energy. This is often due to
_______________. This energy can’t be used to do ___________.
thermal
friction
work

8. Conservation of Energy: _________________________________
_____________________________________________________
In a closed system, the ___________ energy remains constant
although it can change from one form to another. Energy used to
overcome _______________ is changed to ___________ energy.
This energy is not used to do __________ and is therefore _______.
Energy can be neither created nor
destroyed.
total
friction
thermal
work
wasted
Energy Resource: ______________________________________
______________________________________________________
a natural resource that can be converted
by humans into other forms of energy in order to do useful work
1. Nonrenewable resources: ______________________________
_____________________________________________________
These resources cannot be replaced
when used or will take thousands of years to replace.
Energy resources that formed from the
buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of
years ago. These originally got their energy from the sun.
A. Fossil fuels: ____________________________________
_________________________________________________
Ex: _________________
________________
Coal, petroleum,
natural gas

9. Fossil fuels can be used to generate ________________. The
______________ energy in fossil fuels is burned to create _________
energy which __________ water which turns the blades of a turbine,
creating ______________ energy, which is changed to ___________
energy by a generator.
electricity
chemical
thermal
boils
kinetic
electrical
Nuclear energy: Electricity
is generated by _________
___________ reactions
from radioactive elements
such as ______________.
nuclear
fission
uranium

10. Renewable resources: _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Ex: _________________, ______________________,
____________________, __________________, and ____________.
These energy sources can be used and
replaced in nature over a relatively short
period of time.
solar energy
hydroelectric energy
wind power
geothermal energy
biomass

11. Advantages and disadvantages of Energy Resources
Resource Advantages Disadvantages
1. ______________
Fossil fuels
Provides a large amount of
energy, easy to get and trans-
port, used to make electricity
and plastics
Nonrenewable, produces
pollution,
2. ______________
Nuclear energy
Concentrated form of energy
Radioactive waste,
nonrenewable
3. ______________
Solar power
Limitless source of energy,
no pollution
Expensive to produce in large
quantities, only available in
sunny areas
4.______________
Water power
Renewable, no pollution
Dams disrupt ecosystems, only
available where there are rivers
5. _____________
Wind
Renewable, inexpensive,
no pollution
Only available in windy areas
6. _____________
Geothermal
Limitless source of energy
Only available near hot spots
7. _____________
Biomass
Requires large areas of farmland,
produces pollution when burned
Renewable

12. Heat: _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
The type of energy that is transferred is ____________ energy. The
thermal energy depends on
1. the amount of motion of the particles of a substance
(__________________)
2. how much of the substance there is (the amount of
______________ that are moving)
Energy transfers from a ___________ temperature object to a
____________ temperature object when they come into contact.
This continues until the objects reach the same temperature, which
is known as ___________ _______________. This can occur in
3 ways.
the transfer of energy between objects that are at
different temperatures
thermal
temperature
particles
higher
lower
thermal equilibrium
1. Conduction: _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Particles collide and transfer their ___________ energy to other
particles.
the transfer of thermal energy from one substance
to another through direct contact
kinetic

13. Some materials conduct better than others.
Conductors - __________________________________________
Ex: ___________
Insulators - ___________________________________________
Ex: _____________________
substances that conduct thermal energy very well
metals
substances that do not conduct thermal energy well
wood, air, fiberglass
2. Convection - ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
the transfer of thermal energy by the movement
of a liquid or a gas
Convection currents occur when ________
air or liquid __________ and ___________
air or liquid _________ __________.
warm
rises
cooler
moves down

14. 3. Radiation - ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
When light from the _________ enters the atmosphere and is
absorbed by objects, some energy is radiated back into the air in
the form of _____________ energy. The gases in the air _________
some of this energy, which keeps the Earth warm. This process is
called the ________________ _____________.
the transfer of energy through matter or space as
electromagnetic waves, such as visible and infrared light
sun
thermal
absorb
greenhouse effect

15. Chapters 9 & 10
Energy

16. Energy: _____________________________________________
and work is a __________________________________.
Types of energy:
1. Kinetic energy - ______________________________
This depends on _____________ and _______________.
The formula for kinetic energy is
Kinetic energy = ________ or 1/2 mv2
where m = ___________ and v = _________________.
________________ has more of an effect on kinetic energy
than _____________ because it is ______________.
2. Potential energy - ______________________________
______________________________________________
Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s
___________ and _____________ and is equal to
__________ x _____________.

17. 3. Mechanical energy - ___________________________
______________________________________________
Mechanical energy = ________________ + _____________
Forms of energy -
1. Thermal Energy - the total energy of the _____________ that
make up an object. Thermal energy depends on both the
____________ of the particles and the ______________ of
particles. For a particular substance, the __________ form
has less energy than the _____________ state which has less
energy than the ______________ state. Recall the definition
of _________________ as the average kinetic energy of an
object
2. Chemical Energy - the ____________ of a compound that
changes as its _________ are rearranged to form new
compounds. This is a form of _______________ energy.
Ex: In respiration, _____________ (C6H12O6) reacts with ________
to form ____________, _______________, and _______________.

18. 3. Electrical energy - the __________ of
moving _____________. This can be both
_______________ and ______________ energy.
4. Sound energy - this is caused by an object’s _______________.
This can be _____________ and _____________ energy.
Ex: Plucking a guitar string - when the string is pulled, it has
______________ energy, and when it is let go, it ____________
with _______________ energy. This causes
_________ particles to vibrate,
passing on ____________
to the next air particles,
generating __________.
5. Light energy - This is produced by the vibrations of __________
____________ particles which cause _________ to be transmitted.

19. 6. Nuclear energy - the ____________ associated with changes
in the _____________ of an atom. It can be produced when ___
or more nuclei __________ together or one nucleus __________
____________.
Energy Conversion - One form of ___________ can be converted
into any other form of energy, or more than one form of _________.

20. Kinetic energy can change to ____________
energy and back to __________ energy.
Ex: As you climb up the ladder to a sliding
board, you are using ___________ to get
there. At the top, you have ______________
energy, which changes to ____________ as you
slide down.
Ex: The pendulum

21. Other examples of energy changing form:
1. __________ energy changes to ____________ energy during
photosynthesis.
2. _______________ energy changes to _____________ energy
when we use energy from food to keep our bodies at 98.6 F.
3. _______________ changes to _______________ and__________
energy when we use our muscles.
4. ______________ energy changes to ____________ energy when
we turn on a flashlight and ____________ when we turn on a fan.
5. ______________ energy changes to ______________ energy
when we use batteries.
Conservation of energy - In a closed system, the total amount of
energy will not change, even though energy can change form. As
energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy is
always changed to ______________ energy. This is often due to
_______________. This energy can’t be used to do ___________.

22. Conservation of Energy: _________________________________
_____________________________________________________
In a closed system, the ___________ energy remains constant
although it can change from one form to another. Energy used to
overcome _______________ is changed to ___________ energy.
This energy is not used to do __________ and is therefore _______.
Energy Resource: ______________________________________
______________________________________________________
1. Nonrenewable resources: ______________________________
_____________________________________________________
A. Fossil fuels: ____________________________________
_________________________________________________
Ex: _________________
________________

23. Fossil fuels can be used to generate ________________. The
______________ energy in fossil fuels is burned to create _________
energy which __________ water which turns the blades of a turbine,
creating ______________ energy, which is changed to ___________
energy by a generator.
Nuclear energy: Electricity
is generated by _________
___________ reactions
from radioactive elements
such as ______________.

24. Renewable resources: _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Ex: _________________, ______________________,
____________________, __________________, and ____________.

25. Advantages and disadvantages of Energy Resources
Resource Advantages Disadvantages
1. ______________
Provides a large amount of
energy, easy to get and trans-
port, used to make electricity
and plastics
Nonrenewable, produces
pollution,
2. ______________
Concentrated form of energy
Radioactive waste,
nonrenewable
3. ______________
Limitless source of energy,
no pollution
Expensive to produce in large
quantities, only available in
sunny areas
4.______________
Renewable, no pollution
Dams disrupt ecosystems, only
available where there are rivers
5. _____________
Renewable, inexpensive,
no pollution
Only available in windy areas
6. _____________
Limitless source of energy
Only available near hot spots
7. _____________
Requires large areas of farmland,
produces pollution when burned
Renewable

26. Heat: _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
The type of energy that is transferred is ____________ energy. The
thermal energy depends on
1. the amount of motion of the particles of a substance
(__________________)
2. how much of the substance there is (the amount of
______________ that are moving)
Energy transfers from a ___________ temperature object to a
____________ temperature object when they come into contact.
This continues until the objects reach the same temperature, which
is known as ___________ _______________. This can occur in
3 ways.
1. Conduction: _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Particles collide and transfer their ___________ energy to other
particles.

27. Some materials conduct better than others.
Conductors - __________________________________________
Ex: ___________
Insulators - ___________________________________________
Ex: _____________________
2. Convection - ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Convection currents occur when ________
air or liquid __________ and ___________
air or liquid _________ __________.

28. 3. Radiation - ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
When light from the _________ enters the atmosphere and is
absorbed by objects, some energy is radiated back into the air in
the form of _____________ energy. The gases in the air _________
some of this energy, which keeps the Earth warm. This process is
called the ________________ _____________.