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8th Grade STAAR Review Readiness

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Presentation on theme: "8th Grade STAAR Review Readiness"— Presentation transcript:

1 8th Grade STAAR Review Readiness Ed Willkie MS- Adapted and Expanded by Daryel Sellers from Lead4Ward, Inc.

2 Readiness Standards The majority of the STAAR test will consist of Readiness Standards % of the test will consist of these standards. These are essential big ideas you must know and remember to apply in other formats. Critical vocabulary is bolded. Readiness

3 Atoms Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
What do you need to know? Protons are located in the nucleus and are positively charged. Neutrons are found in the nucleus and have no charge. Electrons are found in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus and are negatively charged. Readiness

4 The Atom What atom is this?
Can you identify the protons, neutrons, and electrons? Readiness

5 Atoms and Mass Protons + Neutrons
The mass of protons and neutrons are much larger when compared to the mass of the electrons. The total mass of the atom can be calculated by adding the protons and neutrons only. Because electrons are so small, their mass do not contribute significantly to the mass of the atom. Readiness Protons + Neutrons Electrons

6 Protons and Valence Electrons
The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus determines the identify of the atom. If an atom has 1 proton, then it is a hydrogen atom. The number of valence electrons, the electrons found at the outer level of the electron cloud, determines how the atom will react chemically with other atoms. Readiness

7 Protons = Identity Valence electrons = reactivity
Readiness 7 protons = Nitrogen 5 Valence electrons = 5A = Group 15

8 Periodic Table Groups and Periods
The periodic table is arranged left to right by the atomic number (number of protons in the atom of that element). The periodic table also is arranged in groups (families) that run up and down in columns of the periodic table. All the elements are in the same group because they have the same number of valence electrons in each of their atoms, thus they react similarly to other atoms. The table is also arranged in rows called periods. Readiness

9 Groups and Periods Readiness

10 Chemical Formulas Chemical formulas, also called molecular formulas, are used to represent the chemical make-up of a particular molecule. Ex: H2O A subscript (2 as seen above) is used to show the number of Hydrogen atoms. So, in 1 molecule of water there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Readiness

11 Common Chemical Formulas
How many atoms are there of each element? NaHCO3 C6H12O6 (Glucose) CuSO4 (Copper sulfate) Readiness

12 Evidence of Chemical Reactions, New Substances
Evidence of a chemical reaction includes the production of a gas, bubbling, a change in temperature, the production of a precipitate, or a color change. Color change can be misleading. If you mix purple Kool-aid powder with water and the water turns purple a chemical reaction DOES NOT take place. If two clear liquids combine to form a pink substance (precipitate) then a chemical reaction does take place. Readiness

13 Evidence of a new substance
Precipitate Gas produced (bubbles) Color change- copper turns green when it oxides Readiness

14 Evidence that a New Substance forms from a chemical reaction
Readiness

15 Unbalanced Forces A force is a push or pull. Force is measured in Newtons (N). Balanced forces causes objects to stay still or travel at a constant speed. Unbalanced forces cause objects to move or accelerate. Readiness 900 N 1300 N

16 Calculating Net Force 1300 N 900 N
If the arrows go in opposite directions, then you subtract the two numbers to find out how much force the object moves. Ex: – 900 = 400 N The arrow with the greatest force wins. If the arrows go the same direction, then you add the numbers to calculate net force. Ex: = 400 1300 N 900 N Readiness 200 N 200 N

17 Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law of Inertia = An object’s motion will not change unless it is acted on by an external force. Law of Force and Acceleration = More force applied to something, the more it will accelerate. Less force = less acceleration. F = ma Law of Action-Reaction = For every force, there is an opposite and equal force. Readiness

18 Inertia An object’s motion will not change unless it is acted on by an external force. Readiness Seat belts keep us from flying through the windshield when the car suddenly stops. The body continues to travel forward a little bit after the car has abruptly stopped.

19 Force and Acceleration
More force applied to something, the more it will accelerate. Less force = less acceleration. F = ma Readiness

20 Calculating Force Problem
Bobby applied a certain amount of force onto a gorilla who had a mass of 50 grams. The gorilla accelerated at a rate of 3 m/sec2 How much force did Bobby use? Look up the formula on formula chart for Force. F= ma or Force = mass x acceleration Force = 50 x 3 Force = 150 N F m a Readiness

21 Action - Reaction Action Reaction
For every force, there is an opposite and equal force. Reaction Readiness Action

22 Day and Night Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours giving us day and night. When the sun shines on half the earth, we have day. The dark side of earth is in night. Readiness Night Day

23 Seasons The earth revolves around the sun one time a year.
The reason we have seasons is because the earth is tilted on a 23.5 degree angle on its axis. If the earth is tilted towards the sun, the sun shines more directly on the earth, thus we have summer. If the earth is tilted away from the sun, the sun shine less directly on the earth, thus we have winter. When the northern hemisphere experiences one season, the southern hemisphere experiences the opposite season. Readiness

24 Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere
Readiness

25 Lunar Cycle The moon revolves around the earth about once a month or 28 days. This creates what we know as the lunar cycle or moon phases. New moon is always between the sun and the earth. The moon travels in a counter-clockwise (opposite of a clock) motion around the earth. About 7 days after a new moon phase, the moon will wax until it’s a 1st quarter. 7 days later, the moon will have waxed into a full moon. 7 days later, the moon will wane into a last quarter. 7 days later, the moon will wane into a new moon again. Readiness

26 Lunar Cycle Readiness

27 Components of the Universe Stars, Galaxies, Nebulae, HR Diagram
Stars can be classified by brightness (size) and temperature (color) using the Hertszprung-Russell diagram (H-R Diagram). They can also be classified into class such as Main Sequence, Giants, Supergiants, or White Dwarfs. Nebulae is dust and gas that might form into a star. Galaxies are collection of stars. There are billions of galaxies in our universe. Readiness

28 HR Diagram- Star Classification
Readiness Note: The hotter stars are on the left and the brighter stars are on the top.

29 Galaxies Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy and is named The Milky Way.
Our solar system is here. Readiness Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy and is named The Milky Way.

30 Nebulae The birth place of all stars. Space dust and gas. Readiness

31 Plate Tectonics and Crustal Features
Plates are moving in the earth’s crust due to convection in the mantle of Earth. Plates can collide (converge) to form mountains like the Himilayas. Plates can separate (diverge) under the ocean floor and cause ridges. Plates can slide (transform) past one another and cause earthquakes. Plates can collide and go underneath (subduct) another plate to cause volcanoes. Readiness

32 Convection and Plate Tectonics
Heat from the core of the earth generates to create convection in the mantle. Heat rises and sinks within the mantle to create plate movement on the surface of the earth resulting in different types of landforms like volcanoes, mid- ocean ridges, and mountains. Readiness

33 Convergent Boundaries
Readiness

34 Divergent Boundaries Readiness

35 Plate Tectonics Map Looking at the map can you predict the different landforms at each type of boundary? Readiness

36 Topographic Maps -Weathering
Topographic maps show the changes of elevation and different land features on the earth’s surface. If contour lines are very close, then the land is steep. If contour lines are spread apart, then the land gradually slopes. At the end of a V-shaped river valley on a topographic map, exists a delta, where sediment is deposited. Readiness

37 Topographic Map If you were to climb the hill, which way would you go?
Why? How much elevation would you have climbed? Readiness

38 Relationships in Food Webs
Every organism needs energy to survive. Producers use the sun’s energy to make their own food. Organisms that cannot make their own food, eat other organisms and are called consumers. Predators often attack smaller or less fierce animals known as prey. Parasites, like ticks, benefit at the expense of the host, like a dog. Three different types of ecosystems include marine = oceanic type organisms, terrestrial = ecosystems found on land such as desert, tundra, rainforest, grassland, and freshwater=a pond or marsh. Readiness

39 Marine Food Web Practice
Identify producer/consumer, parasite/host, predator/prey relationships. Readiness

40 Terrestrial Food Web Practice
Identify producer/consumer, parasite/host, predator/prey relationships. Readiness

41 Freshwater Ecosystem Identify producer/consumer, parasite/host, predator/prey relationships. Readiness

42 Dependence and Competition for Abiotic and Biotic Factors
An ecosystem is made up of all organisms (biotic factors) and non living components (abiotic factors). Abiotic factors include quantity of light, water, range of temperatures, and soil competition. Many times organisms depend on and compete for these organisms. A population is a group of organisms that live in a given area. Readiness Abiotic Factors

43 Environment and Adaptations
As environments change over time, a population may need to adapt to the changes to survive in the environment. These adaptations must take place over many generations as a preferable trait becomes naturally selected for survival. If the population does not adapt they will disappear from that environment. Readiness

44 Adaptations- Galapagos Ground Finch
How can there be so much diversity within the beaks of the ground finch? Readiness

45 Supporting Standards The following standards will consist of % of the test. This is more detailed knowledge that supports the readiness standards. Readiness

46 Balanced Chemical Equations
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. You will always have the same mass before the reaction as you do after the reaction. This is the Law of Conservation of Mass. Readiness

47 Law of Conservation of Mass
Readiness When the reaction takes place what will the mass on the scale read?

48 Counting Atoms Record the number of atoms of each element represented in each of the following. Example: H2O = H = 2; O=1 C12H22O11 3CO2 2Na NaOH 2CaCO3 Readiness

49 Is the equation balanced?
Reactants Products Readiness

50 Speed, Velocity, Acceleration
Speed is the total distance/total time . Velocity is the speed of an object is specific direction. Acceleration is changing directions, slowing down, or speeding up. Readiness

51 Calculating Average Speed
Use the Speed= total distance/total time formula from the science chart. Find your total distance from the graph, data table, or story problem and divide. Remember: Distance goes inside the house. Readiness Time Distance

52 Motion Graphs Identify different types of motion on a distance/time graph and a speed graph including constant speed, velocity, and acceleration. Readiness

53 Ocean Tides High tide is caused by the gravitational pull of the moon upon earth’s large bodies of water. Low tide is caused when the pull of the moon’s gravity is not acting directly on the earth. Readiness

54 Sun’s Location and Properties
The sun is a medium-sized star near the edge of a disc shaped galaxy called the Milky Way. The reason the sun looks so large is because it is thousands of times closer to us (earth) than any other star. Readiness

55 Electromagnetic Spectrum
EMG waves like light and radio are used to measure distances and obtain properties about different objects in the universe. Light waves travel at a higher frequency than radio waves, which means that the light waves have a shorter wave length than the radio waves. Readiness

56 Light years Light years are a distance measurement used in the universe. Because distances are so great, light years are easier to use than kilometers. Light travels at a speed of 300,000 m/sec. Wow! Readiness

57 The History of Plate Tectonic Theory
Pangaea was the name of the land mass that existed approximately 240 million years ago. Alfred Wegner first created continental drift theory which stated that the continents drifted apart from this land mass into their present day location. He used plant/animal fossil evidence to help support his theory. Eventually, Plate Tectonic theory was developed that stated that the plates in the earth’s crust are moving due to convection in the mantle. Readiness

58 Sun Causes Convection Creating Wind and Ocean Currents
The sun provides energy to the earth. Different places on earth are heated unevenly which causes convection. Convection is when molecules heat up and evaporate into the air. When the molecules cool down, then the become more dense and sink. Convection is what causes wind and ocean currents. Readiness

59 Weather Map: Pressure and Fronts
High Pressure is used to help predict when an area is going to have clear skies. Low pressure is used to help predict when an area is going to have cloud cover and possible storms. Warm fronts bring warm air and travels in the direction the arrow point. Cold fronts usually come from the north and travel in the direction the semi-circles point. Readiness

60 Oceans and Hurricanes Hurricanes form near the equator only in late summer and early fall when the water temperature climbs above 85 degrees. A low pressure system must be sitting over the ocean for a hurricane to occur. Readiness

61 Human Impact on Oceans Humans often cause run-off of nitrogen into the oceans because of the over use of chemical fertilizers on farms and lawns. This often results in algae blooms, which causes an imbalance within the ocean ecosystem. Humans can also over fish for food resources from the ocean which can cause more producers because less consumers are available to eat them. Sunken ships and even artwork is often used to create artificial reefs or ecosystems for marine life. Readiness

62 Elements and Compounds
You need to know the difference between an element and a compound. An element is a capital letter. Examples: He, Cl, O A compound is two or more different capital letters. Examples: NaCl, HeO O2 would not be an example because it only has 1 element. Readiness

63 Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
Metals are located to the left of the bold stair step on the periodic table. They have a high luster, which means shiny. They are very malleable, which means bendable, and are good conductors of heat/electricity. Nonmetals are located to the right of the bold stair step on the periodic table. They have low luster, which means they are dull. They are not malleable. They are poor conductors Metalloids touch the bold stair step on two sides. (Exception: Aluminum) The have properties of both metals and non metals. Some make good semi-conductors in electronic devices like Silicon. Readiness

64 Calculating Density Mass Volume
You need to know how to calculate density and then identify an unknown substance based on its calculated density. Locate the density formula on the science chart. Find mass and volume in the data table or story problem. Remember to put mass in the house. After you have calculated the density, use the table to find your number and figure out the name of the substance. Readiness Mass Volume

65 Potential and Kinetic Energy
Compare and Contrast Potential and Kinetic Energy. Potential energy is the energy of position. If an object is high off the ground, it has potential. It a rock is pulled back in a sling-shot, then it has potential. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. If an object is moving it has kinetic energy. If it is going fast, it has high kinetic energy. Readiness

66 Energy Transformations
Energy transforms into other types of energy. For example, in a flash light, chemical energy (battery) turns into electrical (light switch and wires) which then turns into light energy. Readiness

67 Gravity in the Solar System
Because the sun contains so much mass, the planet’s are attracted to its gravitational pull, thus they revolve (orbit) around the sun. Readiness

68 Organism Characteristics
Prokaryote- Organism whose cells do not have a nucleus Eukaryote- Organism whose cells do have a nucleus Unicellular- Organisms that only have 1 cell Multicellular- Organisms that have 2 or more cells Autotroph- Organisms that make their own food Heterotroph- Organisms that have to eat their food Asexual- Reproduce themselves. 1 parent involved. Offspring is uniform, or all the same. Sexual- Two parents required to produce offspring. Offspring is diverse. Readiness

69 Energy Flow in Food Chains, Food Webs, and Energy Pyramids
Readiness

70 Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain carbon and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, nitrogen, or sulfur. CHNOPS Ex: Glucose = C6H12O6 is an organic compound because it contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Readiness

71 Physical and Chemical Changes
In the digestive system, there are many physical and chemical changes. Physical Chemical Readiness

72 Work Pushing a box using a ramp is the same amount of work as lifting it up to the back of a truck. You just use less force. Work = force x distance (use science chart to calculate work) An object has to move a certain amount of distance for their to be work. You also have to apply force. Example: 20N x 0 m = 0 J Readiness

73 Human Effect on Watersheds
A watershed consists of all the surface water (rivers, streams, lakes, gutters) and its ground water (aquifers, wells, any water source underground). Farmers and other citizens sometimes use too much fertilizer or change their oil in the driveway. When this happens, run-off can occur which then pollutes the watershed, which in turn harms the ecosystems in those particular watersheds. Readiness

74 Biodiversity and Sustainability
Biodiversity means that there is a wide variety of life in an ecosystem. The more different types of organisms we have, the better the ecosystem will survive. If biodiversity is lost, then the ecosystem cannot sustain itself. Readiness

75 Ecological Succession
Ecological succession occurs. Readiness

76 Dichotomous Keys A dichotomous key is a tool to help classify organisms based on their characteristics. Readiness

77 Natural Selection and Selective Breeding
Nature determines the characteristics of organisms that make it suitable to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Selective breeding is when organisms with the desired characteristics are bred to produce a new organism with those desired characteristics only. Readiness

78 Body Systems DR. MCSNEER I Digestive Reproductive Muscular Circulatory
Skeletal Nervous Excretory Endocrine Respiratory Integumentary Readiness

79 Plant and Animal Cells You have to be able to describe what parts that plants and animal cells have in common and which ones are different. Readiness

80 Cell Theory According to cell theory all organisms are composed of cells and cells carry on similar functions such as extracting energy from food to sustain life. Readiness

81 Reproduction Asexual - Produce uniform offspring
Sexual- Produces diverse offspring Readiness

82 Inheritance: Genes, Chromosomes
Inherited traits of individuals are governed in the genetic material found in the genes within chromosomes in the nucleus. Readiness


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