1. TAKS 8 th Grade Science Review Objective 5 Earth and Space Systems

2. Groundwater vs Surface Water Groundwater: water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers such as aquifers. More freshwater is found here than on the surface. Surface Water: water found on the surface such as rivers, lakes, oceans. Watershed: the land area that supplies water to a river system How do these to systems feed into each other?

3. Water Cycle

4. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is necessary for living things because it becomes part of proteins, and part of the material responsible for reproduction and inheritance. Without nitrogen in proteins or in DNA and RNA, no living thing would exist on the Earth.

5. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is an element. It is found in living things like plants and animals. It is also an important part of non-living things like the air above and the dirt below.elementliving thingsplantsanimals

6. Atoms of Nitrogen Nitrogen Air Water Soil Atoms of nitrogen don't just stay in one place. They move slowly between living things, dead things, the air, soil and water. These movements are called the nitrogen cycle.

7. Nitrogen in the Atmosphere Most of the nitrogen on Earth is in the atmosphere. Approximately 80% of the molecules in Earth's atmosphere are made of two nitrogen atoms bonded together (N 2 ).atmosphere

8. N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 N2N2 However the nitrogen in the atmosphere is not in a form that plants and animals can use.

9. The molecules of nitrogen in the atmosphere can become usable for living things when they are broken apart during lightning strikes or fires, or by certain types of bacteria.

10. Plants and Nitrogen Most plants get the nitrogen they need to grow from the soils or water in which they live.

11. Animals and Nitrogen Animals get the nitrogen they need by eating plants or other animals that contain nitrogen.

12. Recycling Nitrogen When organisms die, their bodies decompose bringing the nitrogen into soil on land or into ocean water. Bacteria alter the nitrogen into a form that plants are able to use.

13. People Affect the Nitrogen Cycle Actions of humans are causing changes to the nitrogen cycle and the amount of nitrogen that is stored in the land, water, air, and organisms.

14. Farming and Nitrogen Use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers can add too much nitrogen in nearby waterways as the fertilizer washes into streams and ponds.

15. Farming and Nitrogen Waste associated with livestock also adds large amounts of nitrogen into soil and water. The increased nitrate levels cause plants to grow rapidly until they use up the supply and die.

16. Farming and Nitrogen The number of plant-eating animals will increase when the plant supply increases and then the animals are left without any food when the plants die.

17. Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis and Respiration are big contributors to the Carbon Cycle!

19. Objects in the Sky

24. Lunar Phases

25. Phases of the Moon 1.New Moon 2.Waxing Crescent 3.First Quarter 4.Waxing Gibbous 5.Full Moon 6.Waning Gibbous 7.Third Quarter 8.Waning Crescent

26. Rotation and Revolution Earth’s Orbit Earth’s Rotation = 24 hours Earth’s Revolution = 365 days

27. Seasons and Length of Day Seasons: The biggest reason is the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Solstices: “Sun Standing Still” The Longest Day and the Shortest Day of the Year Equinox: “Equal Night” Equal amount of light and dark

29. Plate Tectonics

30. Convergent Boundary Boundaries where plates crash or crunch together Results?

31. Divergent Boundary Boundaries where plates are coming apart Result?

32. Transform Boundary Boundaries where plates slide past each other Result?

33. Plate Tectonics Divergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Transform Boundary Where are the most earthquakes? Where are the most volcanoes? Where are the Himalayas? Where are the Andes?

35. Weathering Weathering - process that breaks down rocks and other substances at the Earth’s surface –Chemical – breaks down rocks through chemical changes such as water, O 2, CO 2, living organisms –Physical – breaks down rocks through freezing and thawing, release of pressure, growth of plants, actions of animals Erosion – fragments of soil and rock are broken off and carried away Deposition – soil and rock are dropped in a new location Sediment – particles of soil and rock

39. Resources Renewable Nonrenewable Inexhaustible