1. Non-subordinating Connectives in Narrative
Review of online Narrative course book §§

2. Non-subordinating Connectives
Conjunctions: but, however, moreover, therefore
Referential connectives with an anaphoric demonstrative: after this, for that reason
Tail-head linkage (especially in oral material). (… arrived at the house. When he arrived,…)
Normal position:
at or near the beginning of a sentence or else in the verb phrase.
[(a few OV languages) at the end of the sentence.]

3. The Default Way of Co-ordinating Sentences in Narrative
Two norms:
A. Juxtaposition
Typically, no connective links the sentences. In some languages, even inter-clausal conjunc-tions are rare, and serial or chaining constructions are the norm.
B. Conjunction (e.g. Koiné Greek) or with a referential connective.

4. Default versus Marked Means of Conjoining
A. Default means of conjoining is by juxtaposition:
If a language seldom uses a connective in narrative, the PRESENCE of a connective is significant.
B. Default means of conjoining is by a connective :
If a language usually employs a connective in narrative, the ABSENCE of a connective is significant. 4

5. What do Connectives Do?
They guide and constrain the way the material they introduce is to be processed in the light of the context.

6. Reboul & Moeschler’s Definition of a Connective
A connective is a linguistic marker drawn from a number of grammatical categories (co-ordinating conjunctions [e.g. but], subordinating conjunctions [since], adverbs [thus], adverbial expressions [after all]), which: (a) links a linguistic or discourse unit of any size to its context; (b) gives instructions as to how to relate this unit to its context; (c) constrains conclusions to be drawn on the basis of this discourse connection that might not have been drawn had it been absent.

7. Reboul & Moeschler’s Definition of a Connective
“a) links a linguistic or discourse unit of any size to its context”.
One cannot tell the size of the unit being linked from the connective itself.

8. Reboul & Moeschler’s Definition of a Connective
“(b) gives instructions as to how to relate this unit to its context”.
Each connective places a different constraint on the way the material it introduces is to be related to its context.

9. Distinguishing two connectives that are often glossed ‘and’
1. Associative
closely related or two aspects of the same event
2. Distinctive
distinct events 9

10. Associative Arop-Lokep (Austronesian)
Inter-clausal conjunction used: a
So then the two of them followed that river and (a) went inland.
(The two of them went inland following that river.)
Two aspects of the same event 10

11. Distinctive Arop-Lokep (Austronesian)
Inter-clausal conjunction used: inbe
They went inland and (inbe) their eyes went up to the edge of the riverbed.
The conjoined propositions are distinct. 11

12. Packaging Events Associative:* same package
Distinctive:* new package (“a new phase in the action of the narrative”—Revell 1996)
*NOTE: ‘Associative’ and ‘distinctive’ are now used at a higher level than in the previous slides.

13. Development Markers
Signal “a new burst of closely related actions” (Heimerdinger 1999)
“Constrain the reader to move on to the next point... they indicate that the material so marked represents a new development in the story or argument, as far as the author’s purpose is concerned” (Dooley & Levinsohn 2001).

14. Development Markers
Cross-linguistically, story development may be marked on two axes:
the agent axis (“agent orientation”—Robert E. Longacre)
and/or
the linkage axis (“temporal succession”)