1. PHARMACOLOGY

2. Routes of Administration
Ways used to get a drug into the tissue of the body.

3. Onset of Action
The amount of time needed before a drug takes effect.

4. Two main Routes
ORAL
Parenteral

5. Oral Most common Anything swallowed (pills, capsules, liquid)
What is the abbreviation for by Mouth?
Absorption: small intestines
On set of action: min.

6. Parenteral Any other way to get medication into the body. Sublingual:
under the tongue
Absorbed immediately into the bloodstream
Onset of action: 1 min.

7. Parenteral Cont.
2. Buccal: Between the cheek and gum Absorbed by mucus membrane On set of action: 2-3 min. 3. Inhalation: breathed in through the lungs On set of action: 1 min

8. Parenteral cont. 4. Topical On top of the skin
Creams, lotions onset of action: 1hr
Transdermal patch onset of action: min
Rectal, vaginal onset of action: min

9. Parenteral cont.
5. Injections: directly into the tissue where it is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Intradermal: several minutes
Subcutaneous: several minutes
Intramuscular: several minutes
Intravenous: within a minute

10. Five Rights of Medication
1. Right Patient 2. Right Medication 3. Right Dose/amount 4. Right Route 5. Right Time ALWAYS CHECK EACH 3 TIMES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

11. Injections: Safety Always wear gloves Never recap a dirty needle
Always dispose of needles in a sharps container
Clean skin with alcohol to prevent infection
Use correct technique to prevent injury to nerves, blood vessels, and tissue.

12. Intradermal Injections
For allergy and tuberculin testing
Administered just under the surface of the skin
Fine gauge needle 26 or 27G
Length 3/8”-5/8”

13. Intradermal Injection
Bevel is faced upward so the substance is expelled into the dermis. Makes a small wheal or bleb if done correctly.
Angle of insertion degrees
Amount: cc
Injection sites: Anterior forearm, mid-back area

14. Intradermal

16. Intradermal

17. Subcutaneous Injection
Immunizations, insulin
Administered at a 45 degree angle
Amount: no more than 2cc
Needle length: ½ inch
Gauge: 25-27
Sites: Deltoid (upper outer part of the arm), Abdomen, upper thigh
Aspirate before injecting!

18. Subcutaneous Sites

19. Intramuscular Injection
Needle length: 1-3”
G: (depends on the viscosity of the liquid)
Angle: 90 degrees
Max Amount: 3.0cc

20. Intramuscular Sites: Deltoid (upper outer portion of the arm)
Gluteus medius (upper outer portion of the hip) Siatic nerve
Ventrogluteal (lateral outside portion of the hip)
Vastus Lateralis (mid-portion of the thigh)
used on children under two

21. Deltoid, Ventrogluteal, Gluteus Medius

22. Z-Tract Method

23. Anaphylactic Shock
Always watch for adverse reaction to any medication but especially if it is new to the patient.
Check patient within 30 min.
This can be life threatening!!

24. Anaphylactic Shock
S/S Early:
Anxiety
Weakness
Sweating
SOB
Rash/welts

25. Anaphylactic Shock S/S Late: Nausea/diarrhea Hypotension Shock
Arrhythmia
Respiratory congestion
Laryngeal edema

26. Anaphylactic Shock TX:
Epinephrine (adrenalin) given to counteract the reaction.
Inject just above the initial site.
Notify physician
Monitor vital signs