1. 7 Common Sentence Patterns
S V
S V DO
S V IO DO
S V DO Obj. Comp. (noun)
S V DO Obj. Comp. (adj.)
S V PN
S V PA

2. Complements
A word or group of words that completes the meaning of the verb
There are four kinds of complements
Indirect objects
Direct Objects
Object complements
Subject Complements

3. Grammar Hint
The word “complement” is only applied to pronouns, nouns, and predicate adjectives.
Adverbs and adverb phrases are not complements.

4. Direct & Indirect Objects
DO answers the question what? or whom? After an action verb
IO answers the question to whom? Or to what? or for what? after an action verb
Find your action verb(s) first

5. Hints on Indirect Objects
A sentence must have a DO to have an IO
IOs will always appear between the verb and DO

6. Word or word group that completes the meaning of the ACTION VERB by identifying or modifying the DIRECT OBJECT
Look for ACTION VERB first
Find the DIRECT OBJECT
Look for the Objective Complement
Objective Complement

7. Examples Engineers find plans essential. (adjective)
Nations often make their bridges symbols. (noun)
Only found in sentences with a DO and these verbs (below) or a similar verb with the general meaning of “make” or “consider”
appoint, choose, elect, prove, call, consider, name, vote

8. Subject Complements
Completes the meaning of a LINKING VERB and identifies or modifies the SUBJECT
Predicate nominative-noun or pronoun following a linking verb & refers to the same person or thing as the subject of the verb
Predicate adjective-an adjective that follows a linking verb & modifies the subject of the verb

9. Hint: Is it linking?
To determine whether a verb is being used as a linking verb or action verb, use am, are, or is, for the verb.
If the sentence makes sense, then the original verbs is a linking verb.
The kids looked sad.
The dog looked at me.

10. Grammar Subject Complements Look for the LINKING VERB
Find the SUBJECT of the linking verb
Look for the COMPLEMENT
Is it a noun or adjective? (use dictionary)
Nouns are predicate nominatives
Adjectives are predicate adjectives

11. Test Your Knowledge
What questions does the direct object always answer about the verb?
What questions does the indirect object always answer about the verb?
What does the object complement modify?
What kind of verb can have a DO?
What kind of verb can have a subject complement?
What must you have before you can have a IO?

12. What is case?
It is the form a noun or pronoun takes to indicate its use in a sentence
There are 3 cases:
Nominative
Objective
Possessive

13. Case and Nouns
The form of a noun is the same for nominative and objective case
Whether the noun is the subject or an object, it stays the same
For possessive, it usually adds an apostrophe and an s

14. Nouns Nominative Objective When it is the subject
The cow ran to the boy.
Objective
When it is an object
The boy hit the cow.

15. What is a personal pronoun?
A personal pronoun refers to the person speaking
First person
Second person
Third person

16. Personal Pronouns
Most have 3 forms, but the one it takes depends on its use in the sentence.
They indicate gender, number and person

17. Personal Pronouns
1. The change in form of pronouns to show their relationship to other words in the sentence is called case.
he his him
All 3 pronouns can be used to refer to the same person.
Their difference in form is due to their difference in _____________.
2. A. I recognized him. B. He recognized me.
The pronoun I in sentence a and the pronoun me in sentence b means mean the same person.
Are the pronouns I and me in the same case? _______
3. A pronoun is in the nominative case when it fits before an action verb as its subject- he laughed;
she fell; we won; they lost.
Underline the nominative pronoun: They blamed us.
4. ________ invited Rosa.
Underline 3 pronouns that are in the nominative case because they could serve as the subject in the sentence above.
I him she we them her
5. A pronoun is in the objective case when it fits after an action verb as its direct object-
pushed me; stopped him; asked her; beat us; called them.
Underline the objective pronoun: They blamed us. 

18. Personal Pronouns
1. Use the nominative case of a pronoun when it is used as the subject of a verb. Underline the correct pronoun: You and (I, me) can study together. 2. Use the objective case of a pronoun when it is used as the object of a verb or a preposition. Underline the correct pronouns: Several friends save (them, they) for (me, I). 3. You would never say, “Him pushed the car” or “Me pushed the car”; so don’t make the same mistake by saying, “Him and me pushed the car.” Underline the correct pronouns: (He, Him) and (I, me) counted the votes. 4. When you use pronouns in pairs or when couple a pronoun with a noun, use the same case that you would use if the pronouns were used singly. These flowers are from Pete. These flowers are from me. Underline the correct pronoun: These flowers are from Pete and (I, me). 5. The Smiths will call for you. We will call for you. Underline the correct pronoun: The Smiths or (us, we) will call for you.

19. DLP Correct the following sentences if they need to be corrected.
1. Me will go to the mall tomorrow.
2. Crystal and me are giving a party.
3. Her got a new hairstyle.
4. Randall and him both got new sneakers.