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Water and the Minerals Chapter 08
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Most abundant molecule in the body Rarely a pure substance Contributes to physiological functions Universal solvent Helps regulate body temperature
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Distribution of water Lean tissue retains more water Physical fitness Men generally have greater water volumes Fluid compartments Intracellular Extracellular Intercellular Intravascular
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Fluid Compartments
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Water balance Solute Substance dissolved in a fluid Osmosis Intracellular and extracellular solute concentrations
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Osmosis
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Functions Reactions Hydrolysis Breaking of bond with use of water Condensation Production of water through reaction Solvent Transport medium Lubricant
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Functions Body temperature regulation Sweating Evaporative cooling Dehydration Impairs body’s ability to regulate temperature
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Dehydration Early stages Complications At-risk populations Children and the elderly Athletes Body’s response Water intake Expelling water
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Daily Water Balance
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Dehydration Restoring fluid balance Antidiuretic hormone High extracellular fluid solute concentration Stimulates water conservation Aldosterone Low blood pressure Reduces solutes eliminated in urine
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Regulation of Blood Volume and Solute Concentration
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Why Is Water Essential to Life?
Recommended intake Men vs. women Foods Beverages Caffeinated beverage Physical activity Sports drinks vs. water
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What Are Minerals? Inorganic substances other than water
Micronutrients All are essential Cannot be created or destroyed Classification Major minerals Seven Trace minerals Eight
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What Are Minerals? Diverse roles Structural roles Functional roles
Physiological functions Enzyme activation Cofactor Metalloenzyme Other roles
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What Are Minerals? Minerals in food Plant-based foods
Animal-based foods Location influences mineral content Food processing influences mineral content Drinking water Hard water
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What Are Minerals? Mineral availability Mineral levels Storage
Absorption and excretion of minerals Storage Toxicity is rare Supplements Factors influencing bioavailability
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What Are Minerals? Calcium Major mineral Essential roles
Most abundant mineral in body Skeleton Essential roles Coagulation Muscle and nerve function Energy metabolism
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What Are Minerals? Calcium Structural role Hydroxyapatite
Magnesium and fluoride Bone remodeling Osteoblast Osteoclast
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Bone Remodeling
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What Are Minerals? Calcium Regulatory functions Blood clot formation
Muscle contraction Nerve impulses Cofactor for several enzymes Healthy vision Blood glucose regulation Cell division
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What Are Minerals? Calcium Hormonal regulation of blood calcium
Calcitriol Increases calcium absorption and reduces excretion Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Elevated blood calcium levels
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Regulation of Blood Calcium
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What Are Minerals? Calcium Bone health Peak bone mass Osteopenia
Osteoporosis Kyphosis Causes for decline in bone mass Risk factors for osteoporosis Lifestyle vs. biological factors
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Changes in Bone Mass during the Life Cycle
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What Are Minerals? Calcium Sources Recommended intakes Dietary
Fortification Supplements Take with meal Hip fracture risk Recommended intakes Bioavailability
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Good Sources of Calcium
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What Are Minerals? Electrolytes: sodium, chloride, & potassium
Most abundant electrolytes in the body Nerve impulse & muscle contraction Fluid balance Nerve impulses Balance of ions shift across membranes Positive ions inside – potassium Negative ions outside – chloride
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What Are Minerals? Electrolytes: sodium, chloride, & potassium
Blood pressure regulation Blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases Kidneys retain sodium Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
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What Are Minerals? Electrolytes: sodium, chloride, & potassium
Electrolyte balance Concentrations in blood are regulated by kidneys Low blood sodium levels Causes Hyponatremia Potassium deficiency Hypokalemia
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What Are Minerals? Electrolytes: sodium, chloride, & potassium
Dietary sources Sodium and chloride Potassium Sodium chloride increases blood pressure Hypertension Salt-sensitive
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Good Sources of Sodium
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Good Sources of Potassium
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What Are Minerals? Electrolytes: sodium, chloride, & potassium
AI for sodium Dietary Guidelines for Americans AI for chloride AI for potassium No UL
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What Are Minerals? Phosphorus Major mineral Structural roles
Examples Functional roles Blood concentration regulation Calcitriol, PTH, and calcitonin
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What Are Minerals? Phosphorus Primary role in body
Component of cell membranes Transport of lipids in body Protein synthesis Energy metabolism Other roles
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What Are Minerals? Phosphorus Dietary sources Bioavailability
Phytates Deficiency Rare Recommended intakes RDA; UL
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Good Sources of Phosphorus
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What Are Minerals? Magnesium Major mineral Roles Regulation Bones
Chemical reactions DNA and RNA metabolism Regulation Small intestine and kidneys
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What Are Minerals? Magnesium Dietary sources Deficiency Toxicity
Whole-grain foods Deficiency Rare Toxicity Symptoms Recommended intakes RDA; UL
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Good Sources of Magnesium
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What Are Minerals? Sulfur Component of certain amino acids
Structural rigidity to proteins Component of certain B vitamins Thiamin and biotin Dietary sources No published values for sulfur Protein recommendations
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Dietary sources Plant-based foods Animal-based foods Bioavailability Deficiencies and toxicities Rare Exceptions Absorbed primarily in small intestine Most do not exist in their free forms
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iron Most common micronutrient deficiency in U.S. and around the world Functions in the body Oxygen-carrying molecules Hemoglobin Myoglobin Other roles
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iron Bioavailability Type of iron consumed Heme iron and nonheme iron Other dietary components Vitamin C; meat factor; phytates; polyphenols Individual’s iron status
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iron Absorption Homeostatic mechanism regulation Transport Transferrin Storage Ferritin Liver, skeletal muscle, and bone marrow cells
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Effect of Iron Status on Iron Absorption
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iron Deficiency Needs increase during growth and development High-risk groups Mild deficiency Severe deficiency Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells Hematocrit
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iron Overload and toxicity Acute iron toxicity Signs and symptoms Hemochromatosis Genetic abnormality Diagnosed generally in middle age Men vs. women
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iron Dietary sources Recommended intakes RDA UL Special recommendations Vegetarians Endurance athletes Supplementation
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Good Sources of Iron
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Copper Cofactor for nine enzymes in redox reactions Two distinct charged states Cupric form (CU2+) Cuprous form (CU1+) Bioavailability Iron Antacids
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Copper Absorbed in small intestine Circulates in blood Ceruloplasmin Storage Bile Roles Superoxide dismutase
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Copper Deficiency Rare Signs and symptoms Toxicity Dietary sources Recommended intakes
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Good Sources of Copper
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iodine Component of thyroid hormones Roles of thyroid hormones Bioavailability Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Goitrogens Absorption Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Regulation of Iodine Uptake by the Thyroid Gland
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iodine Deficiency Worldwide problem Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) Cretinism Goiter Toxicity Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Iodine Dietary sources Iodine content of soil and water Table salt Recommended intakes RDA UL
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Good Sources of Iodine
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Selenium Roles Redox reactions Thyroid function Activation of vitamin C Bioavailability Absorption is not regulated Selenoproteins Kidneys regulate blood concentrations
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Selenium Dietary sources Deficiency Keshan disease Toxicity Signs and symptoms Recommended intakes RDA; UL
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Good Sources of Selenium
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Chromium Roles Insulin function Muscle mass Bioavailability Vitamin C and acidic medications Absorption Little is absorbed Simple sugars
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Chromium Deficiency Hospitalized patients Signs and symptoms Toxicity Supplements Dietary sources Recommended intakes AI; no UL
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Manganese Roles Cofactor for metalloenzymes Other roles Deficiency is rare Toxicity Absorption Dietary sources Recommended intakes
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Molybdenum Cofactor for several metalloenzymes Protein metabolism Sulfur-containing amino acids Gene metabolism Building block for DNA Detoxification of drugs in the liver Absorption in intestine
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Molybdenum Dietary sources Soil content Deficiency Rare Characteristics Toxicity Recommended intakes RDA; UL
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Zinc Roles Gene expression Immune function Cell growth Cofactor in more than 300 metalloenzymes Effects of inadequate dietary intake
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Zinc Bioavailability Animal- vs. plant-based foods Absorption Proteins Metallothionine
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Zinc Dietary sources Deficiency Signs and symptoms Secondary deficiency Acrodermatitis enteropathica Toxicity Excessive supplementation Recommended intakes
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Fluoride Not essential to any body function Strengthens bones and teeth Structurally and topically Bioavailability Dietary sources Toxicity Fluorosis Recommended intakes
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What Are Trace Minerals?
Are there other important trace minerals? No RDAs Some have ULs Nickel Aluminum Silicon Vanadium Arsenic Boron
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Good Sources of Zinc
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