1. AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century PPT #509 Taming the City, and The Rich and the Poor (ISSUES OF URBANIZATION)

2. Life in the city What were conditions like?
Absolutely deplorable conditions
Unpaved streets, no trash collection
Over crowded and filthy
No parks or open areas – no real urban planning
Open sewers, lacking drainage
Complete absence of public transportation
Living in cellars, often surrounded by overflowing outhouses and sewers
Urbanization in England:
1801 – 1.5 million in cities (17% of population)
1851 – 6 million (35%)
1881 – 15 million (54%)

3. Advent of public health
Theory: disease was caused by filth
Cholera epidemic of 1856
What was utilitarianism?
How would it apply?
Poor Law of 1834
Response to Bentham’s Utilitarianism
What was the “Bacterial Revolution?

4. Bacteria Revolution Sanitation improvements Sewer System – Paris first
Reaction to Cholera epidemics in 1830s & 1840s
Believed to be a result of filth
Massive clean up
Sewer System – Paris first
Led to dramatic drop in mortality rates
Germ Theory – disease caused by microbes
Louis Pasteur (France) – pasteurization (heating)
Robert Koch (Germany) – identified harmful germs
Joseph Lister (Britain) –sterilize before surgery

5. Response to improvements
How do we know this all mattered?
Note chart on p. 721
Mortality rates dropped dramatically
Some diseases just disappeared
Housing theory: adequate housing -> lack of social unrest and political discontent

6. Urban Planning
What will this lead to that we now see in European cities?
Led to Beautification of cities
Paris – George Haussmann
Hired by Napoleon II
Completely transformed city
Tore down whole neighborhoods of tangled streets
Crowded cities = more crime
London – Sir Robert Peel
Uniformed police force – separate from army

7. To protect and serve… What is changing with police force? Why?
Why does it matter? What does it show?
Peel’s “bobbies” – uniformed police without weapons – to serve the public
Prison Reform
New goal: rehabilitate, not just punish
Previous: “hulks,” “transportation,” large holding cells holding all types of criminals
Philadelphia system – isolate criminals

8. Public Transportation
Mostly a western European improvement
Started with [American invented] horse drawn street car
Pleasant, convenient, clean, reliable
Electric street car
Faster, cheaper, dependable, cleaner, comfort
1886 – 900 million riders in “big four” western nations nations
1910 – 7 billion riders

9. The Rich and the Poor

10. Distribution of Income
Disparity still huge – not changing
Richest 5% received 30% of income
Bottom 80% got less than 50%
But – stratified – lots of subclasses
But, wages did have real growth
Doubled for British workers
Other industrial nations to follow

11. Life for the Middle Class
What characterized how they lived?
Big meat eaters – 25% of income
Well fed, well housed
Fancy clothing – material tastes
Well served – another 25% of income
STRICT code of behavior
Stressed hard work and discipline
Sexual purity
Saw drunkenness as a vice of the poor
Committed to family and upward mobility

12. Life for the Working Class
80% of British population by 1900
Fewer than 8% still on farm in Britain
Germany closest – 25%
France lagging behind – 50%
All other FAR behind
LABOR ARISTOCRACY
Highly skilled lower class – leaders of laborers
Attempted to live as the Middle Class
Strict moral code – puritanical
Proud to be foremen and construction bosses
Many MANY domestic servants (1 out of 7)
Lowest workers: “sweated industries”

13. Leisure and Recreation
What appeared to be happing to behavior of the common man?
Why do you think that was happening?
Even working class enjoyed
Drinking still popular among lower classes
Heavy drinking became taboo
Public drinking – became more oriented for couples
Cruel sports on the decline
Replaced with soccer and racing (spectator sports)
Music halls and vaudeville
Decline in Church attendance & donations