2. UNIT-1 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
CHAPTER1. THE LIVING WORLD CHAPTER2. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION CHAPTER3. PLANT KINGDOM CHAPTER4. ANIMAL KINGDOM

3. Chapter 1 the living world

4. Taxonomic categories
Classification involves hierarchy of steps in which each step represent a rank or category. Since the category is a part of overall taxonomy arrangements.
taxonomical studies of all known organisms have led to the development of common categories.
1. Species
2. Genus
3. Family
4. Order
5. Class
6. Phylum
7. Kingdom

5. Taxonomical aids
The collection of the prime sources of various species of plant, animals and other organisms, which help in their classification and identification
1.Herbarium : is a store house of collected
plant specimens that are dried, pressed
and preserved on sheets.

6. 2. Botanical gardens: have collection
of living plants for reference plant
species in these gardens are grown
for identification purpose and each
plant is labelled indicating its
botanical/ scientific name and its
family.

7. 4. Zoological park: these are the
3. Museum: have collections of
preserved plant and animal
species for study and
reference.
4. Zoological park: these are the
places where wild animals are
kept in protected environments
under human care and which
enable us to learn about their
food habits and behavior.

8. 5. Key: are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet. used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and dissimilarities.

9. Chapter 2 biological classifications

10. Biological classification
The process of grouping living organisms to convenient categories based on simple characters is known as Biological classifications.
Two kingdom classifications
Plants (Autotrophs, Cellwall, Donot move)
Animals(Hetrotrophs, No cellwall, Can move)
Linnaeus- Plantae and Animalia

11. Main criteria for classification
Five kingdom classifications(R.H WHITTAKER 1959)
Main criteria for classification
Complexity of cell structure (Prokaryotes / Eukaryote)
Body organizations(Unicellular/ Multicellular)
Mode of nutrition(Autotrophic/ Heterotrophic/Holozoic)
Life style(Producers/ Consumers/ Decomposers)
Phylogenetic relationship (Revelutionary history)
Five kingdoms are
Kingdom monera (bacteria)- prokaryotic unicellular
Kingdom fungi- multicellular eukaryotic
Kingdom plantae- multicellular eukaryotic
Kingdom animalia- multicellular eukaryotic

12. Kingdom- Monera(eg. Bacteria)
Habitats- omnipresent
Grouped in to 4 groups based on their shape.
1.cocus(spherical) 2. Bacillus(rod) 3. Vibiro (comma)
4. spirillum (spiral)
Kingdom monera- includes;
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria(Cyanobacteria, Chemosynthetic and Hetrotropic)
3. Mycoplasma

13. have chlorophyll a unicellular, Colonial/ Filamentous.
1.Archaebacteria- Harsh habitats, Halophiles(saline)
Thermoacidophiles (hot spring), Methanogens (gut of ruminants)
2.Eubacteria- true bacteria rigid cell wall- motile flagellum Autotrophic bacteria- Cyanobacteria(BGA)
have chlorophyll a unicellular, Colonial/ Filamentous.
Marine/ Terrestrial habitat/ Gelatinous sheath
Form blooms- can fix nitrogen heterocysts. Eg. Nostoc, Anabaena.

14. 3.Mycoplasma- no cell wall- smallest living cell.
Chemosynthetic bacteria- Oxidise nitrates, nitrites and
ammonia release energy(ATP) Help in recycling of
nutrients(eg. Pseudomonas, nitrobacter)
Heterotropic bacteria- Decomposers- making curd from milk, antibiotics, nitrogen fixing(rhizobium) some are pathogenic(cause diseases) cholera, TB, diarrhea.
reproduction by binary fission, spore/ sexual reproduction
3.Mycoplasma- no cell wall- smallest living cell.
Anaerobic- pathogenic in animals and plants

15. Kingdom- protista Flagella/ cilia- reproduce sexually/ asexually
Unicellualr- eukaryotic- aquatic
Flagella/ cilia- reproduce sexually/ asexually
Chrysophyta:
Planktons diatoms and golden algae(desmids)
Freshwater/ marine
Microscopic- photosynthetic
In diatoms, cell wall in indestructible(silica) from diatomaceous earth, its being gritty used for polishing, fitration of oil and syrups.
Chief producers in oceans.

16. Dinoflagellates. Marine photosynthetic, yellow, green, blue or red pigments- cell wall is cellulosic- have 2 flagella- red dinoflagellate (gonyaulax) forms red tides and toxins are released.
Euglenoid -eg. Euglena
Majority of them are fresh water organism found in stagnant water instead of the cell wall a protein rich layer is present, called pellicle. Pellicle is flexible with flagella- they are Myxotropic, because Photosynthetic (in light)
Hetrotrophs (when no light)
Myxotrophs- mixture of both autotrophs and hetrotrophs

17. Protozoans : All are hetrotrophs- predators/ parasites
there are 4 major groups;
amoeboid protozoans: Live in Fresh water, sea and moist soil. Marine forms have silica shells. Some of them such as Entamoeba(parasite) cause amoebic dysentery
Flagellated protozoans- free living/ parasites have flagella- parasites cause diseases- sleeping sickness(trypanoroma) is a parasite of flagellated protozoans
Ciliated protozoans- aquatic cilia, cavity gullet eg. Paramoecium
sporozoans.- spore stage in their life cycle. Plasmodium causes malarial fever

18. Kingdom- fungi
Multi cellular- eukaryotic- heterotrophic- cosmopolitan- grow in warm and humid places.
Fungi are filamentous with long, slender thread like hyphae and the net work of hyphae is known as mycelium- they can be septate or non septate (aseptate)
Multinucleated cytoplasm(coenocytic hyphae)
Cellwall is made up of chitin and polysaccharides.
Parasitic/symbionts( lichens and mycorrhizae)

19. Symbionts of algae and fungi(lichens) and pine trees roots and fungi(mycorrhizae) on roots to absorb water
Reproduction by fragmentation, fission, buddin. A sexual reproduction by oospores, ascospores, basidiospores.
Sexual reproduction steps
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis in zygote result in haploid spores- dikaryon
Dikaryophase
Zygote (2n-diploid) haploid spores( n- haploid)

20. Based on morphology of mycelium of spore formation, fruiting bodies, there 4 classes;
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes
Phycomycetes:
Aquatic decaying wood mycelium is a separate coenocytic
Asexual reproduction by zoospores(motile)/ aplanospores(non motile)
Eg: rhizopus, mucor.

21. Ascomycetes: (Sac fungi)
Multicellular (penicillium)/ unicellular(yeast)
Saprophytic- decomposers- parasitic –coprophilous
Mycelium is branched and septate- asexual spores are called conidia
Sexual spores are called ascospores
Eg: aspergillus, neurospora
Basidiomycetes: (eg: mushrooms/ bracket fungi/ puffballs)
Grow in soil, logs, tree stumps, in plant bodies as parasitic (as rust and smuts)
Mycelium is branched and septate
Reproduction by fragmentation
Dikaryon – basidium – karyogamy
Eg: agaricus (mushroom)

22. Deuteromycetes:
Imperfect fungi mycelium is separate and branched
Only asexual reproduction by conidial spores
Saprophytes/ parasitic / decomposers
Help in mineral cycling
Eg: trichoderma, alternaria

23. Kindom - plantae:
Autotrps- size varies from herbs to all trees. There are different groups.
Algae
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
monocotyledons and dicotyledons

24. Kingdom - animalia:
Heterotrophs – locomotory – holozoic / saprophytic / parasitic – cosmopolitans.
It consist of two subkingdom invertebrata with 9 phylum and phylum vertebrata (Chordata) with 5 classes.

25. Virus:
Pasteur coined the term virus, which means venom/ poison. It is made of a outer protein coat and a centre genetic material(RNA/DNA). A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious.
Virus that infect plants have single strand RNA and those infect animals have either single or double RNA or double stranded DNA. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect the bacteria. Viruses cause disease like mumps, small pox, herpes, influenza and AIDS. In plants the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling, and curling, yellowing, dwarfing and stunted growth

26. Viroids
T.O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle tuber disease. It has only a free RNA and lacked the protein coat, so named as viroid.
Lichens
Symbiotic association between algae and fungi. Phycobiont is algal component.
Fungi and mycobiont is a fungal component, which provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner

27. Chapter 3 The Plant Kingdom

28. Classification of Plant Kingdom

29. Plants
They are multicellular. They all have chlorophyll and make their own food by Photosynthesis (autotrophic).

30. Gymnosperms or Non-flowering plants
The plants that do not have flowers, but usually bear spores are called Gymnosperms.
Non flowering plants are usually simpler than flowering plants.
But because they do not have flowers, they have to reproduce in other ways.
Non flowering plants grow from spores and not seeds. 

31. Algae
Algae, diverse group of simple, plantlike organisms. Like plants, most algae use the energy of sunlight to make their own food. However, algae lack the roots, leaves, and other structures typical of true plants.

32. Algae
Algae are the most important photosynthesizing organisms on Earth. They capture more of the sun’s energy and produce more oxygen than all plants combined. Algae form the foundation of most aquatic food webs, which support an abundance of animals.

33. Fungi
Fungus, any member of a diverse group of organisms obtain food by absorbing nutrients from an external source. The fossil record suggests that fungi were present 550 million years ago and may have evolved even earlier.

34. Fungi
Today thousands of different types of fungi grow on and absorb food from substances such as soil, wood, decaying organic matter, or living plants and other organisms. They range from tiny, single- celled organisms invisible to the naked eye to some of the largest living multicellular organisms.

35. Bryophytes or mosses
Moss, common name for members of a division of plants (Bryophytes), native to the entire land area of the world. Mosses grow on soil, rocks, and the bark of trees, and in bogs and shallow streams.

36. Bryophytes or mosses
Moss plants consist of small, slender stalks and leaves; vascular tissue is not present. They lack true roots, the functions of underground support and conduction being carried on by filamentous structures called rhizoids.

37. Pteridophytes or ferns
Fern, common name for any of a division of spore-producing plants. The fern phylum contains about 150 genera; estimates of the number of species range from 6000 to 15,000. Ferns are found throughout the world. Most grow in damp, shady places, although certain species grow on dry ground, soil, or rocks. Some ferns, in fact, grow only in rocky places in fissures and crevices of cliff faces and in boulders. Others grow as epiphytes, or air plants, on trees.

38. Angiosperms
Angiosperm (Latin angi-, “enclosed”; Greek sperma, “seed”)common name for the division or phylum comprising flowering plants, the dominant form of plant life.
Members of the division are the source of most of the food on which humans and other mammals rely and of many raw materials and natural products.

39. Included in the division are most shrubs and herbs, most familiar trees except pines and other conifers, and specialized plants such as succulents, parasites, and aquatic types. Although about 230,000 species are known, many remain obscure. Flowering plants occupy almost every ecological situation and dominate most natural landscapes.

40. Monocotyledons
The flowering plants which have seeds containing only one seed leaf are called monocotyledons

41. Dicotyledons
The flowering plants which have seeds containing two seed leaves are called dicotyledons

42. Chapter 4 animal kingdom

43. Basic Of Classification
Level of organization
Cellular level of organisation :– eg In sponges ,cells are in loose cell aggregates
Tissue level of organization :–eg- In coelenterates cells doing the same function form tissues
Organ level of organization –eg – Platyhelminths tissues are organized to form organ specialized for a particular function
Organ-System level of organization -:eg – in Annelid , Arthropod , etc . Organ has associated to form functional system with specific physiological function. Organ System show variations from animal to animal eg :- digestive system in platyhelminth has only one opening but others has 2 openings

44. Symmetry Asymmetrical :– eg Sponges
Radial symmetry:- eg coelenterates , echinoderms
Bilateral symmetry: – eg Annelids, Arthropods etc

45. Embryonic layer Arrangement
Diploblastic :– Body wall 2 layered – ectoderm & endoderm eg :- Coelenterates with an undifferentiated mesoglea layer in between
Triploblastic: – body wall 3 layered – ectoderm & endoderm & mesoderm : eg – Platyhelminths

46. Coelom- A cavity between body wall & gut wall by mesoderm
Acoelomates :- NO Coelom -Eg Platyhelminths
Pseudoceolomates :- body cavity not lined by mesoderm but mesoderm is found in patches between ectoderm & endoderm - Eg Aschelminths
Coelomate:- eg – Annelid , arthropods etc – having true Coelom

47. Segmentation
some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. For example, in earthworm, the body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.
Notochord – mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called chordates and those animals which do not form this structure are called non-chordates, e.g., porifera to echinoderms.

49. Phylum-Proifera Commonly called as Sponges Marine & asymmetrical
Prinitive multicellular with cellular level organization
Water transport/canal system present .Many small opening called Ostia present on body wall thro which water enters leading into a central body cavity – Spongocoel that leads out through a single large opening called osculum
Hermaphrodite
Reproduce internal and development is indirect having larved stage that is different from adult

50. Food enters the body along with water the Ostia
Food enters the body along with water the Ostia. Choanocytes /collar cells live the spongocoel & canal in the body wall that trap the food & digest it within the intracellular digestion
Body has a skeleton made up of spicules / sponging fibers.

52. Phylum – Coelenterata (Cindaria)
Aquatic, mostly marine
Cessile or free – swimming
Radially symmetrical animals
The word ‘cindaria’ derived from the word ‘cnidoblasts’/ cnidocytes present on tentacles for capturing prey & defense . It has stinging capsules or nematocytes
A central gastro-vascular cavity called coelenterons present that opens to outside through a single opening – hypostome
Digestion is partly extracellular & partly intracellular
Some of them have skeletons made of CaCo3 eg – Coral
These have tissue-level og organization Polyp & Medusa

53. Poly is a sessile & cylindrical from like Hydra , Adamsia etc.
Medusa is like an umbrella, free swimming Aurelia ( Jelly fish)
Those having both stages show alternation generation is Metagenesis Polyp produce medusa by asexually & medusa sexually produce ploy eg : Obelia
Eg (a) Physalia ( Portugese man of war)
(b) Adamsia ( Sea anemone)
(c) Meandrine ( Brain Cord)

55. Physalia
Sea fan
Sea Anemone
Brain coral

56. Phylum – Ctenophora Commonly called sea walnuts Exclusively marine
Radially  symmetrical
Diploblastic with tissue level organization
Body bear & external rows of ciliated plates that help in locomotion
Digestion – both extra & intracellular
Bioluminescence is seen in them
Sexes are not separate
Reproduction by sexual means
Fertilization is external with indirect development
Eg –  Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.

59. Phylum – Platyhelminthes
They have dorso-ventrally flattened body, hence are called flatworms
Endoparasites found in animals including human beings
 Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ level of organization
Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms
Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface
Flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion
Sexes are not separate
Fertilisation is internal and development is through many larval stages
Some members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity
Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke).

61. Blood fluke
Tape worm

62. Phylum – Aschelminthes
Body of the aschelminthes is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms.
Free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals
They have organ-system level of body organization
Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals.
Alimentary canal is complete with a well developed muscular pharynx
Excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pore.
Sexes are separated (dioecious), i.e., males and females are distinct.
Often females are longer than males
Fertilisation is internal and development may be direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or indirect.
Examples: Ascaris (Round Worm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm

65. Phylum – Annelida
Metamerically segmented animal –segments looking like ring-so called Annelids
True  coelomate present – partitioned segmentary by peritoneal membranuse septa
Triploblastic
Bilateral symmetry
Organ -system 
Body covered with cuticle secreted by ectoderm
They possess longitudinal and circular muscles
Setae – locomotion organ in lower side. In some setae present on lateral appendages called Parapodia
Alimentary canal has mouth & anus at opposite with muscular pharynx, oesophagus , stomach & intestine

66. Excretory wastes called Casting
Closed circulatory system- a heart is seen with one dorsal & one ventral blood vessel
Respiration – through skin found in moist condition
 Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion
Nervous system – 2 cerebral ganglia with double ventral nerve coral
Sexes are separate except in leech & Earthworm – hermaphrodite
Larva is ochophore
Example :- (a) Pheretima (Earthworm)
(b)  Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech) (c) Neries
(d) Aphrodite

69. Phylum- Arthropoda
This is the largest phylum of Animalia which includes insects
The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous exoskeleton
The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system
Sensory organs like antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance organs are present
Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules
Examples:- Apis (Honey bee)
Bombyx (Silkworm)
Laccifer (Lac insect)
Vectors – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes

72. Phylum – Mollusca This is the second largest animal phylum
Triploblastic
Coelomate
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Terrestrial / aquatic
Body surrounded by calcareous shell (expect slugs & octopus) Internal shell – sepia
Body – unsegmented – 3 part – head & ventral muscular foot & a dorsal Viseral hump. Skin over visceral humo form a mantle that shell
Respiratory & excretory organs – gills present below mantle

73. Condt…….. Head has tentacles
Mouth has a fill like rasping organ called
Oviparous
Larva – trochoplate / vellger
Example :- Pila (Apple snail),
Pinctada (Pearl oyster),
Sepia (Cuttlefish),
Loligo (Squid),
Octopus (Devil fish)

76. Phylum – Echinodermata
Ectoderm bear spines
Marine
Triploblastic
Coelamata
Adults are radially symmetrical – Body part in 5 axes ( pentamerous radial symmetry)
Larvae- Bilaterally symmetrical
Exoskeleto – calcareous having plate – like structure called ossicles
Mouth on lower side & anus an upper side

77. Condt……..
Water vascular system present – radiating tube like appendages called tube feet- functions is locomotion , capturing food & respiration
A nerve ring oncircling the mouth from which 5 radical nerves begins supplying each arm.
Sexes separate with 5 pair of sex organ, one pair in each arm
Fertilizations is usually external
Free -swimming larva.
Example :- Asterias (Star fish),
Echinus (Sea urchin),
Antedon (Sea lily)
Cucumaria (Sea cucumber)
Ophiura (Brittle star).

80. Phylum – Hemichordata
Earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum Chordata
Small group of worm-like marine animals
Organ -system level of organization
Body (a) Bilaterally symmetrical
(b) Triploblastic
(c) Coelomate
(d) Cylindrical
(e) Divided into 3- proboscis; collar & drunk
Circulatory system is of open type
Respiration takes place through gills
Excretory organ is proboscis gland
Sexes are separate
Fertilization is external.
Development is indirect.
Example :-  Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus

83. Phylum – Chordata
Animals possessing notochord either thought life or during early embryonic life. The notochord is stiff & flexible rod lying ventral to nerve
Triploblastic
Coelomate
Bilaterally symmetrical
Post anal tail 
Closed circulatory system
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Paired pharyngeal gill slite
3 sub phylum: - 1. Urochordata or Tunicata,
2. Cephalochordata and
3. Vertebrata.

85. Protochordata Vertebrata
All have notochord but it does not from vertebrate column
All marine
Urochordata / Acrania
Notochord present in tail of larva
Example: - Ascidia , Salpa , Doleolum
Cephalochordata /Acrania
Notochord present from head to tail region & throughout life
Example :- Branchiostoma – Amphioxes
Notochord present during embryonic period & replaced by vertebral column in adults
Vertebral column have many vertebrate around notochord along with dorsal nerve cord
Ventral muscular heart with 2/3/4 chamber
Kidneys – excretion & osmoregulation
2 pairs of lateral appendages- fins / limbs divided in 2 divisions – based on presence of jaw
Agnatha – No jaws . eg class : cydostomatalamprey
Gnathostomata - Bear jaws – 2 super classes Chendrichythes and Osteichthyes

86. Vertebrata
Protochordata

87. Class – Cyctostomata Eg – Lamprey [ petromyzen ] & hagfish [ myxine]
Parasite on fishes
Elongated body have 6-14 pair of gill slits for respiration
Sucking & circular mouth
No functional pineal eye
Single sex organ discharges gametes in coelomate
Cranium & vertebral column – cartilaginous
Persistent notochord
Heart surrounded by a cartilaginous capsule
Marine
Migrate into river for spawning
Ammocoete larva hatches out from eggs through metamorphosis that migrate into oceans

88. Bony endoskeleton 7 pairs of gill slits with gill cover – operculum
Class – Chondrichthyes
Class – Osteichthyes
Marine fishes
Cartilaginous Endoskeleton
5 pairs of gills slits without gill cover
No swim bladder
Mouth ventral
Viviparous fertilization internal
Some like ray fish have electric organ, sting in sting ray
Fresh / marine
Bony endoskeleton 7 pairs of gill slits with gill cover – operculum
Swim bladder present
Mouth terminal
Oviparous fertilization external
No such electric organ present

89. Osteichthyes
Chondrichthyes

90. Class – Amphibian 2 phases in life cycle – adult & larvae
Larva is aquatic & adult is terrestrial
Require water for breeding & fertilization is external
2 pairs of limbs
Body divided into head & trunk ; no neck present
Moist skin without scales
 A tympanum replace the ear
Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior 

91. Condt…… Heart – 3 chambered , 2 auricles & 1ventecial Cool blooded
Double occipital cardyle & 10 pair of cronical nerve
Respiration in taportes- gills ,adult – lungs & skin some breath thro gills in adult stage too
Sexes separate
Eg :- toad
Frog
Salamander
Limbless amphibian

94. Class – Reptilian Crawling animals
Body covered by dry , cornfied skin that contain epidermal scales/ scuter
Post and tail present
No external ear openings
2 pair of limbs with 5 digits in each
Cold blooded  
They are 3 – chambered
Carnivorous
Snakes & lizard shed their scales as shin cast
Internal fertilization
Eg :- Turtle ( chelna)
Lizard ( Hemidadyles )

96. Class- Aves Stream – lined body
Body has head , trunk , a pair of limbs
Body covered with feather
Forelimbs convert into feather
Bones – hollow
Warm blooded
4 – chambered heart
No teeth in beak
Alimentary canal has crop & gizzard
Sharp eyesight
Oil gland at the base of tail
Oviparous
Eg :- Crow
Parrot
Owl

97. Class – Mammalia Found in a variety of habitats
Milk producing mammary glands
Skin has hair
External ear
Teeth are present
4 – chambered heart
Diaphragm divided body cavity in upper – chest and lower –chest
Eg :- Whale ( bulaenoptero) , Monkey ( macau) , Eques ( horse)