1. Investigation of Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant compounds in Four Sudanese Medicinal plant Species Grown in North Kordofan

2. By
Tahani Osman Issa Osman
College of Applied and Industrial Sciences- Department of Biochemistry
University of Bahri
Dr.: Reem Hassan Ahmed Ali
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute
National Centre of Research Institute
Dr.: Abdel Azim Ali Ahmed
Faculty of Science – Department of Botany and Biochemistry
University of Khartoum
Dr: Tarig Osman Khider
College of Applied and Industrial Sciences

3. Medicinal Plants is define as any plant which one or more of its part contain substance that can be used for the treatment of numerous diseases or precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs (WHO,1979 and Sofowor,1993).
Plants are extensively used in the African continent, where up to 90% of the population still relies on medicinal plants as the principal source of medicines for their health (Hostettmann et al., 2002 and ELAKamali et al., 2010).

4.  Research hypothesis
Different parts of four North Kordofanian medicinal plants used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other diseases are selected for the study.
These plants can be a potential source of bioactive natural compounds.

5. Objectives
1- To investigate the potential of antidiabetic and/or hypoglycemic activities of some Sudanese medicinal plants on types I and II diabetes mellitus, four Sudanese medicinal plants named as Blepharis ciliaris (Begeel), Cassia occidentalis ( Soreeb), Cordia sinesis (Andirab) and Grewia villosa (Grgadan Kabeer).
2- To study the different biological activities (anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities) of these plants extracts.

6. 3- To study safety and/or cytotoxic activity of the plants extracts.
4- To determine the general phytochemical profile of these plants.
5- To isolate and characterize the active ingredients of these plants extracts; by using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.

7. Blepharis ciliaris (Begeel),

8. Cassia occidentalis ( Soreeb)

9. Cordia sinesis (Andirab)

10. Grewia villosa (Grgadan Kabeer).

11. Research Problem
Current estimates suggest that, in many developing countries, a large proportion of the population relies heavily on traditional practitioners and medicinal plants to meet primary health care needs. Indeed, during the past decade, traditional systems of medicine have become increasingly important in view of their safety, availability and low cost.

12. Study Area
The study area is North Kordofan State located in the Western Sudan extends over an area of 185,302 km², the state falls into the semi-desert zone. The Latitude and Longitude of North Kordofan State is lies between (12-16) degrees north and (27-32) degrees east respectively (Harrison and Jackson, 1958).
It is bordered by Khartoum, White Nile, South Kordofan, North Darfur and the Northern State. The  annual  seasonal rainwater which ranges between 400 to 800 millimeters.

13. Plan of work

14. Plants Collection
The medicinal plants species will be collected with information about the study area and the names of the villages will be obtained from the local government Maps and GPS devices will be used to facilitate reaching the villages and logging GPS information.
Collection of the plant specimens will be during the period; July to September with two distinct periods. Early season of rain fall (July 2016) and late season of rain fall (September 2016). Questionnaires will be made with local herbalists and survey information of their traditional uses will be according to standard method.

15. Questionnaires
Interviews will be conducted with local native people known by rich information and the gathered information should include: the vernacular name(s) of the plant, the part(s) used the method of preparation and administration, the use or effect, and other information such as gender, age, tribe, address of the informants.

16. Plants identification
Selected plant species will be subjected to identification. Different parts of plants materials such as leaves, stem, bark, roots, seeds and fruits, will be separated and identified morphologically and compared with identified herbarium specimens according to the latest international system of classification (APGIII) and authenticated by taxonomists and herbarium specimens will be labeled and deposited in the herbarium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI), National Center For Research.
The specimens will be dried and subjected to standard procedures. The collection sites of the plants specimens will be logged using GPS coordinates.

17. Plants Preparation
The samples will be air dried in shades and ground, one kilo of each parts of the sample will be kept in plastic bag for later use.

18. Antimicrobial studies
Activities:-
Preliminary phytochemical studies
Antidiabetic activity
Antimicrobial studies
Antioxidant activity
Cytotoxicity studies
Statistical Analysis
Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques

19. Budget Plants collection Items cost Samples collection cost 2000
Transportation cost
Personnel payment cost (technicians, researcher, labor, deriver ) 1000
Consumers cost
Tools for collection (camera, equipment's, bags, paper)
Total

20. Plants extractions Items cost
chemical solvents ( petroleum ether, n- hexane , ethyl acetate, ,000
chloroform, methanol , ethanol from each solvent about 5bottles
Soxhlet extractor
Personnel payment cost (technicians, researcher)
Glass wares (beaker, conical flask, test tube, petri dishes, bottles)
Cotton
Foils
Files
 Total

21. Anti-diabetic Activity Items cost
Kits
containers ( plain, fluoride)
Eppendorf tubes
Streptozocin
Syringes
Rats
lab payment cost (technicians)
Micropipettes
Total

22. Antimicrobial activity Items cost
Standard bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, bacillus, Proteus vulgaris); Standard fungal (Candida albicans, Aspergillius niger)
and multi-antibiotics
Media (Nutrient agar , Sabouraud dextrose agar , meller hinton
agar, broth).
Dimethyl sulphoxide
Tips
Bench fees
Total

23. Cytotoxoicity Items cost Brine shrimp 1000 Normal cell 1000
Antioxidant
DPPH
Iron chelate
-Bench fees to lab according to number of extracts in National Center for Research Institute.

24. For Chromatography Items cost Silica gel for (TLC and CC) 2000
Sephadex
Precoated silica gel plates TLC 60 F
Gas chromatography cost
Bench fees
Total

25. Spectroscopic Studies Items cost
lab analysis cost
data analysis cost
Total

26. Items cost
DHL. cost for samples
Consultancy
Reports writing cost (progress and final)
Ticket trip
Total of total

27. Suggestion plants

28. Blepharis linariifolia Pers.,/Acanthaceae./ Beghei.
Table (1.1): Suggestion plants were selected to collect traditional medicine uses as antidiabetic and other diseases from North Kordofanians region (Western Sudan). NO
Scientific name / Family/ Vernacular name
Part, Traditional uses and biological activities 1
Blepharis ciliaris (L.)B.L.Burtt./ Acanthaceae./ Begheil or Shoak el-Dhab.
Whole plants: anti- Diabetic, Urine retention and treats swelling (El Ghazali et al., 1997). Whole plant as a general tonic (Mahmoud et al., 1995). Anti-diabetic, Anti hypolipidaemic activity and Hepatoprotective activity of whole plant ethanolic extract of Blepharis repens (vahl) Roth in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. (Rajan et al., 2013). Fruit: Stomach pain, Urinary disorders (Kiddney stone). Leaves: Aphrodisiac (increases sexual desire). Root: chronic cough and diuretic. Dried root fired and grind: use as kohl eyeliner (power of the eyes). Ashes of burnt cup and seeds: to stop the bleeding and wounds healing. Antimicrobial activity. (Jeyachandran et al., 2010).Root: chronic cough and diuretic. (EL-Kamali., 2009; Doka and Yagi 2009). 2
Blepharis linariifolia Pers.,/Acanthaceae./ Beghei.

29. Cordia africana Lam./ Boraginaceae /Ginbeel.NO
Scientific name / Family/ Vernacular name
Part, Traditional uses and biological activities 3
Cordia africana Lam./ Boraginaceae
/Ginbeel.
Fruit: Traditionally the fruit is eaten fresh and dried to keep for use during off season, also showed antioxidant activity (Sarah et al., 2013). Branch: chewed first thing in morning to induce vomiting, which aids upset stomach as immunomodulator, antidiabetic, anthelminitic, diuretic and hepatoprotective in folklore medicine of Cordia dichotoma (Srivastava et al., 1979). 4
Geigeria alata (DC.) Benth. and Hook. Ex Oliver and Hiern / Asteraceae, / Gud-gat.
Herb, the maceration of whole plants: as antidiabetic, a fumigant for muscular pains, cough, intestinal complaint, antispasmodic, antihypertensive (El Ghazali et al.1994). antioxidant 5
Grewia villosa willd/ Tiliaceae,/ Tukku or Mutrag or Gereigdan
Stem bark: extracts reported in other grewia sp as antidiabetic. Fruits: is edible. Bark: is used to treat syphilis and small pox. Bark extraction: is made for gluing tobacco and Fibre extracted from the bark is made in to rope. Roots: are used against constipation (El Ghazali et al., 2003). Wood: for walking sticks; spear-shafts and bows. Leaves: eaten by livestock, very palatable. (El Ghazali et al.1987).

30. Scientific name / Family/ Vernacular name 6 NO
Scientific name / Family/ Vernacular name
Part, Traditional uses and biological activities 6
Grewia flavescens Juss./ Tiliaceae,/ khelisan.
Leaves: are browsed. Fruits: is edible. (Broun and massey, 1929). Extracts from root bark: used against diarrhoea and aphrodisiac. Branches: are used for bows, walking sticks and for wickerwork. (El Ghazali et al.1987). 7
Grewia asiatica Mast, Tiliaceae,/ Falssa.
Fruit: is astringent, stomachic, cooling, unripe phalsa fruit alleviates inflammation and is administered in respiratory, cardiac and blood disorders, fever reduction. Produces a small purple berry which is consumed fresh drinking nutritious juice and drying powder through off season. Fruit Extract: showed radioprotective effect. Infusion of bark: A demulcent, febrifuge, and treatment for diarrhea. Bark: is used as a soap substitute in Burma. A mucilaginous extract of the bark is useful in clarifying sugar. Fibre extracted from the bark is made in to rope. Leaves: are used in pustular eruptions and fresh leaves are valued as fodder. Root bark: a remedy for rheumatism. Aerial parts: showed hypotensive activity. Aqueous extract of stem bark: is reported to be antidiabetic. Seed extract and seed oil: exhibited antifertility activity. (Morton, 1987; Rashda e.t al., 1998). 8
Sesamum alatum, thorn Pedaliaceae./ Sesem El-jomal.
Leaves: antidiabetic (Rellanala et al., 2011). Also against bacterial and common skin infection (Bankole et al., 2007). A decoction of the leaves: is given to cattle to promote their fertility (Abedelrahman, 2008). Seed: oil, and is used as an aphrodisiac and to cure diarrhoea and other intestinal disorders. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans (Bankole, et al., 2007; Shittu et al., 2007).