1. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Some Malaysian Medicinal Plants Muhammad Taher Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia 19 th CPA-MPS 2007, KUALA LUMPUR

2. Presentation layout Introduction Introduction Objective Objective Methodology Methodology Results and discussion Results and discussion Conclusion Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION

4. Antioxidant “Any substance, when present at low concentrations compared with those of an oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate “ Free Radicals in Biological Medicine, 3 rd ed. 1999

5. Antioxidant action The antioxidant can act by the following mechanisms: reducing activity, free radical-scavenging, potential complexing of pro-oxidant metals and quenching of singlet oxygen. The antioxidant can act by the following mechanisms: reducing activity, free radical-scavenging, potential complexing of pro-oxidant metals and quenching of singlet oxygen.

6. Tissue damage resulting from free radical may cause a variety of disorders, including degenerative disorders of the CNS, such as Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, AIDS and aging Tissue damage resulting from free radical may cause a variety of disorders, including degenerative disorders of the CNS, such as Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, AIDS and aging (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1998 and Mantle et al., 2000). Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1998Mantle et al., 2000Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1998Mantle et al., 2000 Effect of free radical

7. Plant materials 1. Andrographis paniculata (leaves), 2. Averrhoa belimbi (fruits), 3. Eurycoma longifolia (roots), 4. Dipteris lobbiana (leaves), 5. Ficus deltoidea (leaves), 6. Fagrea obovata (roots), 7. Momordica subanguenta (fruits), 8. Morinda citrifolia (fruits), 9. Orthosiphon stamineus (leaves), 10. Smilax myosotiflora (rhizome)

8. Traditional Uses Aphrodisiac and energy enhancer Aphrodisiac and energy enhancer Eurycoma longifolia, Smilax myosotiflora, Dipteris lobbiana, Ficus deltoidea and Fagrea obovata Eurycoma longifolia, Smilax myosotiflora, Dipteris lobbiana, Ficus deltoidea and Fagrea obovata Antidiabetes mellitus Antidiabetes mellitus Momordica subanguenta, Orthosiphon stamineus, Andrographis paniculata, Averrhoa belimbi and Morinda citrifolia: Momordica subanguenta, Orthosiphon stamineus, Andrographis paniculata, Averrhoa belimbi and Morinda citrifolia:

9. Eurycoma longifolia Tongkat Ali/Malaysian ginseng Traditional uses: tonic, poultice for headaches, wounds & ulcers, febrifuge, hepatitis, aphrodisiac Traditional uses: tonic, poultice for headaches, wounds & ulcers, febrifuge, hepatitis, aphrodisiac

10. Andrographis paniculata Hempedu bumi (‘bile of the earth’), akar cerita Traditional uses: Roots and leaves used against snake bites, decoction of leaves against stomach-ache, dysentery, typhus and bronchitis, as a poultice on swollen legs, vitiligo, piles and antidiabetes Traditional uses: Roots and leaves used against snake bites, decoction of leaves against stomach-ache, dysentery, typhus and bronchitis, as a poultice on swollen legs, vitiligo, piles and antidiabetes

11. Orthosiphon aristatus Misai kucing, kumis kucing, ruku hutan Traditional uses: diabetes and kidney related diseases, diuretic, regulate blood pressure Traditional uses: diabetes and kidney related diseases, diuretic, regulate blood pressure

12. Morinda citrifolia noni, mengkudu Traditional Uses: to treat diabetes, haemorrhages and coughs. Traditional Uses: to treat diabetes, haemorrhages and coughs.

13. Objective The research is aimed to study the relationship of traditional usage of medicinal plants and their free radical scavenging activity

14. METHODOLOGY

15. 1. Extraction 50 g of powdered plants were extracted with EtOH:Water (50:50) (500 mL) and freeze dryed 50 g of powdered plants were extracted with EtOH:Water (50:50) (500 mL) and freeze dryed 2. Phenolic contents was determined by Folin- Ciocalteu reagent (McDonald et al., 2001) 3. Flavonoid contents was determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric method (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003)

16. 4. Free radical scavenging activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH· ) scavenging X= Absorbance of sample at 517 nm Y= Absorbance of control at 517 nm a. Spectrophotometric assay b. Thin layer chromatography test (yellow spots against purple background)

17. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

18. Table 1. Percentage of soluble materials extracted from the plants Sample (Abbreviation)Local nameYield (% w/w) Averrhoa belimbi (AB)Belimbing buloh39.8 Fagrea obovata (FO)Tengkuk biawak24.3 Dipteris lobbiana(DL)Janggut ali17.9 Momordica subanguenta (MS)Peria katak16.6 Andrographis paniculata (AP)Hempedu bumi14.4 Orthosiphon stamineus (OS)Misai kucing11.4 Ficus deltoidea(FD)Mas cotek8.9 Smilax myosotiflora (SM)Ubi jaga7.9 Morinda citrifolia (MC)Mengkudu7.7 Eurycoma longifolia (EL)Tongkat ali2.8

19. Table 2. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents of the samples SampleTotal phenolic (mg /g)Total flavonoid (mg/g)% DPPH Andrographis paniculata 43.582.4719.0 Averrhoa belimbi40.6814.8814.8 Eurycoma longifolia53.753.3724.0 Dipteris lobbiana54.9281.7592.0 Ficus deltoidea53.9342.4561.1 Fagrea obovata54.5874.1391.6 Momordica subanguenta48.300.1522.9 Morinda citrifolia53.7511.8046.1 Orthosiphon stamineus54.5456.7587.5 Smilax myosotiflora54.6316.1932.6

20. Scavenging activity Ap=Andrographis paniculata, Ab=Averrhoa belimbi, El=Eurycoma longifolia, Dl=Dipteris lobbiana, Fd=Ficus deltoidea, Fo=Fagrea obovata, Mo=Momordica subanguenta, Mc=Morinda citrifolia, Os=Orthosiphon stamineus and Sm=Smilax myosotiflora

21. Flavonoid contents and scavenging activity Ap=Andrographis paniculata, Ab=Averrhoa belimbi, El=Eurycoma longifolia, Dl=Dipteris lobbiana, Fd=Ficus deltoidea, Fo=Fagrea obovata, Mo=Momordica subanguenta, Mc=Morinda citrifolia, Os=Orthosiphon stamineus and Sm=Smilax myosotiflora, Que= Quercetin

22. TLC test F. obovata D. lobbiana O. aristatusF. deltoidea

23. Conclusion 1. There is correlation between flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity. 2. F.obovata, D.lobbiana and O.aristatus exhibited highest free radical scavenging activity.

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