1. CHAPTER 3 LECTURE OUTLINE Population
Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan
CHAPTER 3 LECTURE OUTLINE Population
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2. Chapter 3 Modules 3A Population Growth in the Past
3B World Population Today: The Americas
3C World Population Today: Europe and Africa
3D World Population Today: Asia and Oceania
3E The Basic Demographic Equation and Fertility
3F Mortality and Population Change
3G The Demographic Transition Model
3H Population Profiles
3I Population Change in the Future
3J Population Planning
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3. 3A: Population Growth in the Past
Neolithic Revolution
Domestication of livestock and agriculture
Began about 12,000 years ago
Grew wheat and other grains
1st location of domesticated plants were in the “Fertile Crescent” of the Middle East (Iran and Syria)
Iran for domesticated animals
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4. World Population Growth
Figure 3A.1
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5. 3A: Population Growth in the Past
Slow but steady growth from 10,000 BCE until 1750
Decline during plagues of the 1300s
Best know pandemic was the Black Plague
Disease was spread by rats and then transmitted to humans through fleas. Infected humans could pass it through the air.
Probably began in Central Asia and spread on the Silk Road (ancient trading routes that crisscrossed the continent
Disease killed an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and Africa
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6. The Black Death in Europe
Figure 3A.2
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7. 3A: Population Growth in the Past
Industrial Revolution
Began in the Mid-18th century
Innovations in machinery made factories more productive with textiles and farming
Caused many to leave farms and move to cities for work in factories
Innovations in science and public health
Water and sewer systems, improved medical techniques, and better prevention of famines caused a decrease in death rates in industrialized areas
20th Century: Public health improvements, such as clean water and immunizations, contributed to population growth in developing world
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8. 3A: Population Growth in the Past
Life Expectancy
20th century
The average life span of persons in a particular population
Caused by reduction in Infant mortality
But poor live 12 years less than those living in wealthier, developed countries.
Some have seen decline: Russia and other countries of the old Soviet Bloc
Possible cause is lack of health care after fall of the Soviet Union, smoking and alcohol abuse, and inadequate availability of medicine.
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9. Life Expectancies, 2010 Figure 3A.3
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10. 3B: World Population: The Americas
Density
Arithmetic Density
Calculated by dividing a country’s population by its total land area.
Such as people/km2
Physiologic Density
Calculated by dividing a country’s population by its area of arable land.
people/km2 of farmland
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11. 3B: World Population: The Americas
Canada
The harsh cold climate and remote environment offer little for settlers
Most of population is located near southern border with U.S.
United States
Western areas receive less rainfall than the east because of this , this area was never settled in large numbers
Western population clusters: San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Francisco
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12. 3B: World Population: The Americas
Improvement in technology to capture, move, and store water have allowed desert areas to become large cities
Steel construction has led to taller buildings, allowing large numbers of people to live in close proximity
Looking west from Las Vegas Strip
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13. 3B: World Population: The Americas
Middle America
Population cluster in Mexico City. One of the largest cities in the world.
Population cluster along elevated areas of west coast because it is cooler
Largest islands of Caribbean: Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Dominican Republic
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14. 3B: World Population: The Americas
South America
Tropical Rainforests support small populations.
Farming is difficult because abundant rainfall sucks the nutrients from the soil
One Large cluster in Manaus (middle of the Amazon) grew because of rubber exports after the development of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear in 1839
Located inland, high in the Andes Mnts
Coastal areas are dry because of ocean currents and rainshadow from mountain
Area was once controlled by the Incas
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15. 3B: World Population: The Americas
South America
Population cluster: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo, Salvador, and Recife
Sparse population
1st- Atacama Desert, worlds driest desert
2nd- Patagonia, cold temperatures and rugged terrain
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16. Population in the Americas
Figure 3B.1
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17. 3C World Population: Europe and Africa
Sparsely populated: dry regions of Spain and Portugal; cold expanses of Scandinavia; and high altitudes of the Alps and Carpathians
Large population in British Isles (London, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester) around manufacturing
Large clusters: Paris, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Cologne, Frankfurt, Venice, Rome, Madrid, Warsaw, and Prague
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18. 3C World Population: Europe and Africa
Population clusters: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria (along the Mediterranean sea)
Densely populated around the Nile river, Cairo is an example
Sparsely populated: Sahara desert (world’s largest), Congo River Basin, Kalahari desert, Namib desert
Early civilizations grew in the interior grasslands, savannas, and steppe.
Coast lands populated because of colonial governments and trade opportunities
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19. 3C World Population: Europe and Africa
Sleeping sickness keeps population densities low in central Africa
East Africa: population clusters in Ethiopia and around Lake Victoria. Both provide adequate water, abundant fishing, and good soils.
Largest clusters in southern Africa: around Lake Malawi, highlands of Zimbabwe, eastern South Africa
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20. 3D World Population: Asia and Oceania
Sparsely populated: Russia, Mongolia, and Central Asia, Middle East.
Cause: Tibetan plateau (high, dry, wasteland), arid desert, and cold tundra
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21. 3D World Population: Asia and Oceania
Important Population clusters: Eastern China, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India,
Cause: Fertile Ganges Plain, Fertile delta between Ganges River and Brahmaputra River, fertile lowlands of Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and temperate monsoons
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22. 3D World Population: Asia and Oceania
Melanesia are home to the most people
Australia is sparsely populated because of arid areas. Most of the population is in the southeast.
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23. Population in Eurasia, Africa & Oceania
Figure 3C.1
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24. 3E: The Basic Demographic Equation
The Demographic Equation –the population of an area can be expressed by an equation
Future population = current population + births – deaths
+ immigrants –emigrants
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25. 3E: Fertility Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
# of children born per year per 1000 people in a population
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The # of children a woman can expect to have in her lifetime given current fertility rates
Replacement Level of Fertility
A TFR of
Also called “zero population growth”
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26. 3E: Fertility What influences fertility?
Health: poor health can reduce fertility
Economics: children cost money, so fertility declines in times of economic trouble
Education: the availability of education for women tends to reduce fertility
Culture: some societies place high value on large families; societies also have different attitudes toward contraception and abortion.
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27. Crude Birth Rates Figure 3E.1
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28. Total Fertility Rates Figure 3E.2
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29. 3F: Mortality Crude Death Rate (CDR) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
# of deaths per year in a population per 1,000 people
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
(The # of infants who die before age 1 /by all births) x 1000
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30. Crude Mortality Rates Figure 3F.1
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31. Infant Mortality Rates
Figure 3F.3
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32. 3F: Natural Population Change
Rate of Natural Increase as a % (RNI%)
RNI = (crude birth rate – crude death rate) / 10
Does NOT account for migration
Rate of Population Growth
Factors in migration
Doubling Time
Doubling Time (represents the time it will take for a population to double) = 70 years / RNI%
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33. Rates of Natural Increase
Figure 3F.5
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34. 3G: Demographic Transition Model
A model of demographic change based on Europe’s population in the 18th-20th centuries.
Argues that, as a country modernizes, its fertility and mortality rates drop, but not at the same time. Because death rates drop before birth rates, population increase will occur.
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35. Demographic Transition Model
Figure 3G.1
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36. 3G: Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1
Preindustrial, probably agrarian
Both CBR and CDR are high. Lots of children are being born, but this is offset by a lot deaths.
War, famine, disease, and generally poor healthcare keep CDR high
Population stays the same size
There are no large areas or regions in this stage
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37. 3G: Demographic Transition Model
Stage 2
CDR declines dramatically while CBR stays about the same
CDR declined because of increased harvest and better agricultural techniques, reduced malnutrition and disease related deaths
Rapid population growth
Examples: Sub-Saharan Africa and many Asian countries
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38. 3G: Demographic Transition Model
Stage 3
CBR declines drastically.
Reasons: children are not needed for labor and they cost too much to care for
CDR still declines
Overall population growth is slow
Examples: Turkey & Argentina
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39. 3G: Demographic Transition Model
Stage 4
Modern, Industrialized country
Both CBR and CDR have leveled off
Examples: Japan, United States, & Europe
Replacement or zero population growth
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40. 3G: Demographic Transition Model
Stage 5
CDR is higher that CBR
Negative population growth-the country is in decline
Examples: Germany, Bulgaria, Belarus
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41. Population Profiles: Shows the # or % of a population that is a particular age (or age range)
Figure 3H.1
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42. 3I: Population Change in the Future 1
Thomas Malthus
1798, An Essay on the Principle of Population
Believed that food production would not keep up with population growth
Causing war, famine, and other horrible consequences
Critics state that Malthus didn’t take into account the role technology would play in agriculture
Better fertilizers, types of seeds, and farming techniques
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43. Neo-Malthusians
Modern theorists who believe in Malthus’ notion that population growth will lead to global crisis
Notable: Paul Ehrlich The Population Bomb
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44. Malthus’ View of Population Growth
Figure 3I.1
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45. 3I: Population Change in the Future 2
Ester Boserup
Argued that population growth stimulates societies to innovate and produce more food.
Example: Green Revolution
Marxists
Argue that food is poorly distributed
Implosionists vs. Explosionists
Implosionists believe lack of population will be a problem because jobs will be unfilled
Explosionists are more Malthusian
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46. 3J: Population Planning
Can be controversial
“Comstock Law”, 1873, made it illegal to distribute any information about contraception through the mail
Resistance from some religious groups
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47. 3J: Population Planning
UN Population Commission & International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPFF) focused on
Changing cultural attitudes that keep population rates high (or low)
Training population planning staff around the world
Providing contraceptives to poor countries
Helping countries improve their demographic statistics through better censuses and recordkeeping.
Working to improve education for women
Providing technical assistance to personnel in developing countries
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48. 3J: Population Planning
1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
Encouraged countries to make social development a central part of their population policies
Higher levels of education and greater civil rights for women tend to lead to a reduction in fertility
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49. 3J: Population Planning
China’s One-Child Policy
Began in late 1970s
Restricts # of births for most couples
Strictest in urban areas & Weakest in rural, minority regions
Financial incentives if couples stuck to the plan
Result: rise in abortions & less females in population
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50. Total Fertility Rate in China
Figure 3J.2
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