2. The first change in wildfire behavior was seen when
climate warmed after last major glacier advance.
the amount of charcoal found in sediment increased.
volcano activity increased after last major glacier advance.
grasses evolved and spread across the land.
humans used fire to clear the land.

3. The first change in wildfire behavior was seen when
climate warmed after last major glacier advance.
the amount of charcoal found in sediment increased.
volcano activity increased after last major glacier advance.
grasses evolved and spread across the land.
humans used fire to clear the land.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.1 – Introduction to Wildfire
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

4. In order to create and sustain a wildfire, you need all the following except
All are needed.
carbon dioxide.
oxygen.
fuel.
heat.

5. In order to create and sustain a wildfire, you need all the following except
All are needed.
carbon dioxide.
oxygen.
fuel.
heat.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Global Sci Out: 7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across geology
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

6. Which is a true statement about wildfires?
A fire always starts from an ignition
Humans play a major role in affecting large wildfires
Combustion processes absorb energy
Future wildfires are very likely to occur in areas that have just been destroyed by a wildfire
Preignition processes absorb energy

7. Which is a true statement about wildfires?
A fire always starts from an ignition
Humans play a major role in affecting large wildfires
Combustion processes absorb energy
Future wildfires are very likely to occur in areas that have just been destroyed by a wildfire
Preignition processes absorb energy
Answer: E
Diff: 4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

9. Label the phases of a wildfire from left to right for the three parts shown in the figure.
Extinction, flaming combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Glowing/smoldering combustion, flaming combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Extinction, flaming combustion, glowing/smoldering combustion
Extinction, glowing/smoldering combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Flaming combustion, glowing/smoldering combustion, extinction

10. Extinction, flaming combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Label the phases of a wildfire from left to right for the three parts shown in the figure.
Extinction, flaming combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Glowing/smoldering combustion, flaming combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Extinction, flaming combustion, glowing/smoldering combustion
Extinction, glowing/smoldering combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Flaming combustion, glowing/smoldering combustion, extinction
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

11. Which is a difference between flaming and glowing/smoldering combustion?
Glowing/smoldering combustion does not require rapid pyrolysis for its growth
Glowing/smoldering combustion takes places at higher temperatures
Glowing/smoldering combustion produces rapid oxidation reactions
Flaming combustion dominates during the late stages of a fire
Flaming combustion has a very low amount of residual unburned material

12. Glowing/smoldering combustion takes places at higher temperatures
Which is a difference between flaming and glowing/smoldering combustion?
Glowing/smoldering combustion does not require rapid pyrolysis for its growth
Glowing/smoldering combustion takes places at higher temperatures
Glowing/smoldering combustion produces rapid oxidation reactions
Flaming combustion dominates during the late stages of a fire
Flaming combustion has a very low amount of residual unburned material
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

13. What is the role of convection in wildfires?
Rising and falling air within the fire causes the fire to reuse air as fuel.
Sinking hot air in the fire pushes air out of the fire to fuel the flames.
Rising hot air in the fire pulls in fresh air to fuel the flames.
Rising hot air in the fire pulls in fresh air to extinguish the flames.
Sinking hot air in the fire pushes air out of the fire to extinguish the flames.

14. What is the role of convection in wildfires?
Rising and falling air within the fire causes the fire to reuse air as fuel.
Sinking hot air in the fire pushes air out of the fire to fuel the flames.
Rising hot air in the fire pulls in fresh air to fuel the flames.
Rising hot air in the fire pulls in fresh air to extinguish the flames.
Sinking hot air in the fire pushes air out of the fire to extinguish the flames.
Answer: C
Diff: 4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 1.2 – Earth scientists use a large variety of scientific principles to understand how our planet works.

15. How does the presence of mountains increase wildfire incidence or intensity?
Slopes exposed to prevailing winds have drier vegetation.
Winds tend to circulate, causing fires to move more quickly.
Fires on steep slopes preheat materials ahead of fire, making them easier to burn.
Slopes exposed to sunlight during the day have drier vegetation.
All of these increase wildfire incidence or intensity.

16. Slopes exposed to prevailing winds have drier vegetation.
How does the presence of mountains increase wildfire incidence or intensity?
Slopes exposed to prevailing winds have drier vegetation.
Winds tend to circulate, causing fires to move more quickly.
Fires on steep slopes preheat materials ahead of fire, making them easier to burn.
Slopes exposed to sunlight during the day have drier vegetation.
All of these increase wildfire incidence or intensity.
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

17. Which situation would result in a wildfire to burn more easily?
Slopes that have not been exposed to prevailing winds
Humidity is at its highest point
Flat topography without wind
A south-facing slope in the Northern Hemisphere
Area downhill of a fire on a slope with no wind

18. Which situation would result in a wildfire to burn more easily?
Slopes that have not been exposed to prevailing winds
Humidity is at its highest point
Flat topography without wind
A south-facing slope in the Northern Hemisphere
Area downhill of a fire on a slope with no wind
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

19. Which of the following wildfire types is dominated by fires transmitted along treetops?
Ground fires
Surface fires
Crown fires
Tree fires
Convection fires

20. Which of the following wildfire types is dominated by fires transmitted along treetops?
Ground fires
Surface fires
Crown fires
Tree fires
Convection fires
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Global Sci Out: 7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across geology
Section: 13.2 – Wildfire as a Process
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

21. Which of the following locations in the United States has the lowest risk of wildfires?
California
Nevada
Hawaii
Alaska
Maine

22. Which of the following locations in the United States has the lowest risk of wildfires?
California
Nevada
Hawaii
Alaska
Maine
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Global Sci Out: 7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across geology
Section: 13.3 – Geographic Regions at Risk from Wildfires
Earth Science LO: 8.2 – Natural hazards shape the history of human societies.

23. The creation and movement of a hydrophobic layer in the soil (shown in the figure) can increase the occurrence of ________ after a wildfire.
plant growth
all of these can increase
water retention in the soil
another fire
surface runoff and soil erosion

24. all of these can increase water retention in the soil another fire
The creation and movement of a hydrophobic layer in the soil (shown in the figure) can increase the occurrence of ________ after a wildfire.
plant growth
all of these can increase
water retention in the soil
another fire
surface runoff and soil erosion
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.4 – Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
Earth Science LO: 8.1 – Natural hazards result from natural Earth processes.

25. Why have large wildfires in Southern California become more hazardous in the past few hundred years?
All of these are reasons the fires have become more hazardous.
The population has doubled in the past 50 years.
The number of fires has greatly increased.
Controlled burns have reduced the occurrence of catastrophic wildfires.
There is less natural fuels to burn.

26. All of these are reasons the fires have become more hazardous.
Why have large wildfires in Southern California become more hazardous in the past few hundred years?
All of these are reasons the fires have become more hazardous.
The population has doubled in the past 50 years.
The number of fires has greatly increased.
Controlled burns have reduced the occurrence of catastrophic wildfires.
There is less natural fuels to burn.
Answer: B
Diff: 4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.4 – Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
Earth Science LO: 8.3 – Human activities can contribute to the frequency and intensity of some natural hazards.

27. Which is not a way climate change may increase the number and intensity of wildfires?
Decreasing the availability of natural fuels
Regional climatic conditions becoming warmer
Changes in vegetation
Weaken the vegetation
Increase the size or intensity of severe storms

28. Decreasing the availability of natural fuels
Which is not a way climate change may increase the number and intensity of wildfires?
Decreasing the availability of natural fuels
Regional climatic conditions becoming warmer
Changes in vegetation
Weaken the vegetation
Increase the size or intensity of severe storms
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.4 – Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
Earth Science LO: 3.8 – Earth’s climate is an example of how complex interactions among systems can result in relatively sudden and significant changes.

29. Which is not a way wildfires affect vegetation?
Make it vulnerable to later fires
All of these are ways that wildfires affect vegetation
Destroy it
Help propagation
Long-term control

30. Which is not a way wildfires affect vegetation?
Make it vulnerable to later fires
All of these are ways that wildfires affect vegetation
Destroy it
Help propagation
Long-term control
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Global Sci Out: 7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections across geology
Section: 13.4 – Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards
Earth Science LO: 8.2 – Natural hazards shape the history of human societies.

31. Which of the following is not a natural service function of wildfires?
Provide homes and supply food for various insects and animals
Increase the nutrient content of soils
Increase microorganism populations in the soil
Reduces competition for moisture, nutrients, and light
Stimulate some plant reproduction and flowering

32. Which of the following is not a natural service function of wildfires?
Provide homes and supply food for various insects and animals
Increase the nutrient content of soils
Increase microorganism populations in the soil
Reduces competition for moisture, nutrients, and light
Stimulate some plant reproduction and flowering
Answer: C
Diff: 4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.5 – Natural Service Functions of Wildfires
Earth Science LO: 3.6 – Earth’s systems are dynamic; they continually react to changing influences.

33. Which of the following is not a primary approach of fire management?
Data collection
Science
Education
Fire suppression
Prescribed burns

34. Which of the following is not a primary approach of fire management?
Data collection
Science
Education
Fire suppression
Prescribed burns
Answer: D
Diff: 4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.6 – Minimizing the Wildfire Hazard
Earth Science LO: 8.7 – Humans cannot eliminate hazards but can engage in activities that reduce their impacts.

35. What is a problem with fire suppression?
Reduces the amount of fuel for natural wildfires
Buildup of fuel means potential for larger, high-intensity fires
Decreases chances lives and property are lost
Eliminates the effectiveness of prescribed burns
Allows natural removal of some vegetation

36. What is a problem with fire suppression?
Reduces the amount of fuel for natural wildfires
Buildup of fuel means potential for larger, high-intensity fires
Decreases chances lives and property are lost
Eliminates the effectiveness of prescribed burns
Allows natural removal of some vegetation
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.6 – Minimizing the Wildfire Hazard
Earth Science LO: 8.7 – Humans cannot eliminate hazards but can engage in activities that reduce their impacts.

37. What is a problem with those that live or work in the wildland-urban interface not adequately perceiving the risk from wildfires?
They continue to build on brush-covered hillslopes
They believe the government will bail them out
Urbanization of the area increases the fuel amount
The amount of open land is reduced
All of these are problems

38. They continue to build on brush-covered hillslopes
What is a problem with those that live or work in the wildland-urban interface not adequately perceiving the risk from wildfires?
They continue to build on brush-covered hillslopes
They believe the government will bail them out
Urbanization of the area increases the fuel amount
The amount of open land is reduced
All of these are problems
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.7 – Perception of and Adjustment to the Wildfire Hazard
Earth Science LO: 8.3 – Human activities can contribute to the frequency and intensity of some natural hazards.

39. Which is not an adjustment you should make to fire hazards?
Let your landscape defend your property
Fire danger alerts and warnings
Fire insurance so you can live in fire-prone areas
Having a fire safety and evacuation plan
Fire education

40. Which is not an adjustment you should make to fire hazards?
Let your landscape defend your property
Fire danger alerts and warnings
Fire insurance so you can live in fire-prone areas
Having a fire safety and evacuation plan
Fire education
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Global Sci Out: 2 Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills
Section: 13.7 – Perception of and Adjustment to the Wildfire Hazard
Earth Science LO: 8.7 – Humans cannot eliminate hazards but can engage in activities that reduce their impacts.