1. Unit Q: Reproductive System

2. What is the Reproductive System???
Reproduction - the process by which a living organism creates
a likeness of itself. In the human reproductive process, two kinds of 
sex cells, or gametes are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and
the female gamete, the egg (ovum), meet in the female's reproductive system to create a new individual. Both the male and female reproductive systems are essential for reproduction (passing certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their genes, the special carriers of human traits.

3. Watch Youtube Video …… https

4. Let’s Begin with the Male Reproductive System
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system?
How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems
Hormone production
What is the male sex hormone?
What does it do?

5. Male Reproductive System
The male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:
Testicles
duct system, which is made up of
the epididymis, the vas deferens
(ductus deferens), ejaculatory
duct & urethra (for exit of sperm
& urine)
accessory glands, which include
the Seminal Vesicles, Prostate
Gland and Bulbourethral Gland
(Cowper’s Gland)
Penis

6. Male Reproductive System
What is the function of the sperm?
How many sperm does the average male have?
How is this different from the female reproductive system?

7. Testes (Testicles or gonads)- Male sex Glands
Testes (2)- Primary male reproductive organ about size of an egg, responsible for producing and storing sperm or spermatozoa (Spermatogenesis), located behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. They produce the male sex hormone testosterone which developments the reproductive organs and other male characteristics, such as body and facial hair, low voice, and wide shoulders.
Consists of 250 lobules which each contain one to four very small twisted Seminiferous Tubules-where sperm develop (spermatogenesis )

8. Descent of the Testes In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen
During last 3 months, migrate into scrotum
Cryptorchidism- when testes don’t descend
Rx- surgical procedure before puberty
Scrotum- sac of skin that contains testes

9. Epididymis
A structure within the scrotum that is attached to the back side of the testis. The epididymis is a coiled segment of the spermatic ducts that stores spermatozoa while they mature and then transports the spermatozoa between the testis and the tube connecting the testes with the urethra (vas deferens).

10. *Urethra – shared with urinary and reproductive system
Vas Deferens
Runs from Epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Seminal Vesicles connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm
Ejaculatory Duct- connect vas deferens with urethra – carries sperm out of testes
Epididymis
*Urethra – shared with urinary and reproductive system

11. Penis Contains erectile tissue
End of penis covered by loose fitting skin- Foreskin
Foreskin removed during circumcision

12. Prostate Gland Surrounds beginning of urethra
Size and shape of a chestnut
Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility

13. Bulbourethral Glands
Located on either side of prostate - inferior to prostate
Pea sized
Add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer

14. Erection and Ejaculation
Urethra has dual role- excretion of urine and to expel semen
Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood
Ejaculation expels semen
Impotence- unable to copulate

15. Male Reproductive Disorders
Erectile Dysfunction
Also known as impotence
Failure of the penis to become rigid enough for intercourse to occur.
Common causes: Causes include medications, chronic illnesses, poor blood flow to the penis, drinking too much alcohol, or being too tired.
How is it treated?
Sometimes, treating an underlying condition is enough to reverse erectile dysfunction. In other cases, medications or other direct treatments might be needed.

16. Male Reproductive Disorders
BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY)
·Enlarged prostate
·More than half of men in their sixties and 90% of men in their seventies have some symptoms
·Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra.
·This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing urinary frequency – Sx dysuria & retention
·Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy
·Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx

17. Watch Youtube Video Male Reproductive System……. https://youtu

18. Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place,
the system is designed to menstruate
(the monthly shedding of the uterine
lining). In addition, the female
reproductive system produces
female sex hormones that
maintain the reproductive cycle
………

19. Female Reproductive System The female reproductive anatomy includes parts inside and outside the body. The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genitals) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. .

20. Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and accessory organs the mammary glands and breasts. These organs are involved in the production and transportation of gametes and the production of sex hormones.

21. Ovaries (female gonad)- Primary sex organs of the female
Located on either side of pelvis in lower part of abdominal cavity lateral to uterus
About the size of almonds
2 functions:
1. produces and stores ova (also known as the female germ cell or gamete or eggs)
2. manufacture female sex hormones - estrogen & progesterone
Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs called Graafian follicles where ova develop and mature. Usually a single follicle matures every 28 days through reproductive years of a woman (beginning at their first period called menarche). When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (ovulation) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins.
Ovum is the largest cell in the human body.

22. Fallopian tube
After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube (oviduct or uterine tube). It is approximately 4” long and Not attached to the ovaries. (Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus)
If sperm is present
Fertilization takes place
in the oviduct of the
fallopian tube, usually
within 2 days of ovulation
(Pregnancy that implants in tube-
Ectopic pregnancy)
Following fertilization, the
zygote travels down and
implants in the uterus
Development of follicle
controlled by FSH, ovulation
caused by LH

23. Watch Youtube Video Ova…… https

24. Structures of the female reproductive system
Female gametes have
22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes – XX
What makes a person a girl instead of a boy???
Did you know???

25. Watch Youtube Video Boy or girl?…. https://youtu.be/SuWoXFIcgCg

26. Uterus-The female reproductive organ (hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ located between the bladder and the rectum, in the pelvic area.
The main purpose of the uterus is to nourish a fetus prior to birth. In menstruating females, the ovaries release eggs that travel via the fallopian tubes to the uterus. If fertilized, the eggs will bind themselves to the wall of the uterus and the fetus will develop..
Fundus -Bulging upper part
of the uterus
Body - The body is the
middle portion
Cervix- The narrow portion
that extends into
the vagina

27. Uterus cont…
Uterine wall- 3 layers, outer layer is the - Perimetrium (or visceral peritoneum,
thick muscle layer is the myometrium,
and the inner mucous layer is the endometrium
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

28. Uterus, cont. Cervix The cervix is the lower end of the uterus
Located at the top of the vagina
Approximately one inch long
Fundus
Body
Cervix

29. Watch Youtube Video Uterus…… https://youtu.be/bdeDSx3eKDk

30. Vagina Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining make more room for
childbirth
Yeast infection – common after taking antibiotics – itching, buring, white discharge

31. External Genitalia Vulva- external organs of Reproduction
(External Female Genitalia -
Provides protection for the internal female
reproductive organs
Labia majora- folds of skin
(fat deposits)that surround
the vagina
Perineum - area between vagina
and rectum
Episiotomy - incision in perineum to make more room for childbirth

32. Watch Youtube Video Uterus…… https://youtu.be/xTkkhhXqxb8

33. Breast (Mammary Glands)
Accessory organs
Areola- darkened area that surrounds the nipple
Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth

34. Watch Youtube Video Female……. https://youtu.be/xTkkhhXqxb8

35. What is the first menstrual cycle called?
Usually 28 days
Four stages
Follicle stage
Ovulation stage
Corpus luteum stage
Menstruation stage
What is the first menstrual cycle called?

36. Menstrual Cycle, cont. The 4 stages:
Follicle Stage - FSH from pituitary-> ovary, stimulates follicle with ovum to mature-> releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days

37. Menstrual Cycle, cont. The 4 stages: Ovulation Stage –
LH (Leitenizing Hormone),
Estrogen and
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
circulate within the body - 14th day- follicle ruptures and mature ovum
Released (ovulation)

38. Menstrual Cycle, cont.
Corpus Luteum Stage- corpus luteum secrets progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone (pregnancy hormone), which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days
Which hormone is secreted
by the implanted fertilized egg?

39. Menstrual Cycle, cont. Menstruation stage
Final stage if fertilization of the ova has not taken place
The corpus luteum diminishes progesterone production
The uterine lining is broken down and discharged over the course of 3 to 6 days

40. Functions of the female reproductive system
Check your knowledge...

41. Watch Youtube Video System…… https://youtu.be/WGJsrGmWeKE

42. Conception and Pregnancy
Germ cells (Gametes)- produced by gonads
Female gonad=ovary
Female gamete=ova
Male gonad=testes
Male gamete=sperm
Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes- XX
Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and a single pair of sex chromosomes- XY

43. Fertilization
During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live for a day or two
Approx. 100 million sperm in 1cc of semen- if count less than 20 million, man is sterile
Eventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum
True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell- Zygote

44. FYI: Fertilization cont..
The zygote has 46 chromosomes
It divides, and those cells divide and so on
Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus
At 7 days, the zygote becomes an embryo
At 3 months, it becomes a fetus

45. Fertilization Cont. Pregnancy= prenatal period or gestation
Normal Pregnancy= 40 weeks or 280 days also divided into three trimesters (9 months)
Quickening= first recognizable movement of fetus between 4 and 5 months
Miscarriage= Spontaneous Abortion

46. Watch Youtube Video Sperm meets Egg ……. https://youtu.be/vFfqLs94iHc

47. Infertility
When contraception does not occur- caused by damage to fallopian tubes,
low sperm count,
hormone imbalance,
or other disorders.

48. Watch Youtube Video Fetal Development……. https://youtu.be/oeK2kpGRsvs

49. Female Reproduction Procedures
LAPAROSCOPY
·      Under anesthesia, abdomen distended with carbon dioxide gas to make organs easier to see
·      Tube with a light on it is inserted through tiny incision
·      Can remove tissue with laparoscope
MASTECTOMY – surgical removal of the breast
MAMMOGRAM – breast x-ray to detect tumors, recommended annually for women  40
Tubal ligation – female sterilization, removal (or closure) of part of the fallopian tubes
VASECTOMY – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas deferens
CIRCUMCISION – surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of penis

50. Menopause Monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end
Can be induced early by removal of ovaries (oophorectomy)
Approximately age 50
Symptoms include:
Hot flashes
Dizziness and headaches
Emotional changes

51. Watch Youtube Video Female Reproductive System ……. https://youtu

52. Female Reproductive Disorders
CERVICAL CANCER
·  Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study
·  Should be done annually
·  Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation
Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus, or HPV. You can get HPV by having sexual contact with someone who has it. There are many types of the HPV virus. Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer. Some of them cause genital warts, but other types may not cause any symptoms.
MayoClinic.org
What are the benefits
of receiving the HPV vaccine?

53. Watch Youtube Video HPV & Cervical Cancer……. https://youtu

54. Female Reproductive Disorders
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
· Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus
· Symps – fever, rash, hypotension
· Sometimes Caused by – use of tampons
· Rx – antibiotics
Although toxic shock syndrome has been linked to tampon use in menstruating women, this condition can affect men, children, and people of all ages. According to the National Institutes of Health, tampon use is a factor in less than half of toxic shock cases. (NIH, 2010)
Infection usually occurs when bacteria enters your body through an opening in your skin. For instance, bacteria can enter through a cut, sore, or other wound. Experts are not sure why tampon use sometimes leads to the condition, according to the Mayo Clinic. Some believe that a tampon left in place for a long period of time attracts bacteria. Another possibility is that tampon fibers scratch the vagina, creating an opening for bacteria to enter your bloodstream. (Mayo Clinic, 2011)
Risk factors for this condition include a recent skin burn, skin infection, or surgery. Other risk factors may include:
recent childbirth
use of a diaphragm or vaginal sponge to prevent pregnancy
an open skin wound
MayoClinic.org

55. Female Reproductive Disorders
Vaginal yeast infection
What is the cause?
How can it be prevented?
How is it treated?
Not a sexually transmitted illness.
However, sexual partners may be infected
and need to be treated to prevent re-infection.

56. Female Reproductive Disorders
Vaginal yeast infection
Yeast is a fungus that normally lives in the vagina in small numbers. A vaginal yeast infection means that too many yeast cells are growing in the vagina. These infections are very common. Although they can bother you a lot, they are not usually serious. And treatment is simple.
Most yeast infections are caused by a type of yeast called Candida albicans.
A healthy vagina has many bacteria and a small number of yeast cells. The most common bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, help keep other organisms—like the yeast—under control.
When something happens to change the balance of these organisms, yeast can grow too much and cause symptoms. Taking antibiotics sometimes causes this imbalance. The high estrogen levels caused by pregnancy or hormone therapy can also cause it. So can certain health problems, like diabetes or HIV infection.
A yeast infection causes itching or soreness in the vagina and sometimes causes pain or burning when you urinate or have sex. Some women also have a thick, clumpy, white discharge that has no odor and looks a little like cottage cheese.
If you practice good genital hygiene, you can help prevent infection.
National Cancer Institute (NCI).

57. Female Reproductive Disorders
Endometriosis
What is endometriosis?
What are some symptoms?
What are some side effects?
How is it treated?

58. Female Reproductive Disorders
Endometriosis-
·  Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus
·  Abnormal patches of the uterine lining- Most commonly involves your ovaries, bowel or the tissue lining your pelvis. Rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond your pelvic region.
·  Results in internal bleeding, inflammation of surrounding areas and formation of scar tissue, dysmenorrhea, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding
· Cause – unknown
(it thickens, breaks down and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. Because this displaced tissue has no way to exit your body, it becomes trapped. When endometriosis involves the ovaries, cysts called endometriomas may form. Surrounding tissue can become irritated, eventually developing scar tissue and adhesions — abnormal tissue that binds organs together.
can cause pain — sometimes severe — especially during your period. Fertility problems also may develop. Fortunately, effective treatments are available.

59. Female Reproductive Disorders
Mastitis
What is mastitis?
What causes it?
How is it contracted?
How is it treated?

60. Female Reproductive Disorders
Mastitis
inflammation of the breast, bacteria enter through the nipple, infection begins in one lobule, may spread – redness & pain 
(infection of the breast tissue that results in breast pain, swelling, warmth and redness of the breast. If you have mastitis, you might also experience fever and chills. Mastitis most commonly affects women who are breast-feeding (lactation mastitis), although sometimes this condition can occur in women who aren't breast-feeding)

61. Female Reproductive Disorders
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Define PID.
What are risk factors?
What are some complications of PID?
How is PID treated?

62. Female Reproductive Disorders
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
-an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs. It is a complication often caused by some STDs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea. Other infections that are not sexually transmitted can also cause PID.
If diagnosed early, it can be treated. However, treatment won’t undo any damage that has already happened to your reproductive system. The longer you wait to get treated, the more likely it is that you will have complications from PID. While taking antibiotics, your symptoms may go away before the infection is cured. Even if symptoms go away, you should finish taking all of your medicine. Be sure to tell your recent sex partner(s), so they can get tested and treated for STDs, too. It is also very important that you and your partner both finish your treatment before having any kind of sex so that you don’t re-infect each other.
You can get PID again if you get infected with an STD again. Also, if you have had PID before, you have a higher chance of getting it again.
There are no tests for PID. A diagnosis is usually based on a combination of your medical history, physical exam, and other test results. You may not realize you have PID because your symptoms may be mild, or you may not experience any symptoms. However, if you do have symptoms, you may notice
Pain in your lower abdomen;
Fever;
An unusual discharge with a bad odor from your vagina;
Pain and/or bleeding when you have sex;
Burning sensation when you urinate; or
Bleeding between periods.
If diagnosed and treated early, the complications of PID can be prevented. Some of the complications of PID are
Formation of scar tissue both outside and inside the fallopian tubes that can lead to tubal blockage;
Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb);
Infertility (inability to get pregnant);
Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain.
WebMD Medical Reference…. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. ACOG Patient Education Pamphlet, 1999.

63. Female Reproductive Disorders
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Define this disorder.
What is the primary cause?
There are many symptoms. What are the classic symptoms?
How is it treated?

64. Female Reproductive Disorders
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (is a problem in which a woman's hormones are out of balance. It can cause problems with your periods and make it difficult to get pregnant. PCOS also may cause unwanted changes in the way you look. If it isn't treated, over time it can lead to serious health problems, such as diabetes and heart disease.
Most women with PCOS grow many small cysts on their ovaries. That is why it is called polycystic ovary syndrome. The cysts are not harmful but lead to hormone imbalances.
Early diagnosis and treatment can help control the symptoms and prevent long-term problems.
For reasons that are not well understood, in PCOS the hormones get out of balance. One hormone change triggers another, which changes another. For example:
The sex hormones get out of balance. Normally, the ovaries make a tiny amount of male sex hormones (androgens). In PCOS, they start making slightly more androgens. This may cause you to stop ovulating, get acne, and grow extra facial and body hair.
The body may have a problem using insulin, called insulin resistance. When the body doesn't use insulin well, blood sugar levels go up. Over time, this increases your chance of getting diabetes.
WebMD Medical Reference

65. Female Reproductive Disorders
Breast cancer
The leading cause of death in woman between the ages of 32 and 52
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Partial or full mastectomy
Lumpectomy
Life saving measures
Monthly breast exams
Mammogram
Ultrasound
Normal
Abnormal

66. Female Reproductive Disorders
Self breast exam
Using a mirror, inspect your breasts with your arms at your sides
Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of skin, or appearance of the nipple.
Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly on your breast, checking the entire breast and armpit area.
There are three patterns you can use to examine your breast: the circular, the up-and-down, and the wedge patterns.
Gently squeeze the nipple of each breast and report any discharge to your doctor immediately.
Examine both breasts lying down. To examine the right breast, place a pillow under your right shoulder and place your right hand behind your head. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly, checking the entire breast and armpit area. 1 4 2 5 3 6

67. The female reproductive system plays a vital role in homeostasis
Help regulate hormonal balance and fetal development during pregnancy

68. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
GENITAL HERPES
·Viral
·Burning sensation with small blisters on genitalia
·Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but will continue to reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual
·Females – may need a c-section to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth

69. Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Infections
Chlamydia is a common STD that can infect both men and women by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has chlamydia.
It can cause serious, permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system, making it difficult or impossible for her to get pregnant later on. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb). If you are pregnant, you can give chlamydia to your baby during childbirth.
Most common curable STD in US
Up to 80% of women and 25% of men have no symptoms
Rx- antibiotics

70. Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Infections
Gonorrhea (the Clap)-is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that can infect both men and women by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has gonorrhea. A pregnant woman can give the infection to her baby during childbirth. It can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is a very common infection, especially among young people ages years.
2nd most common curable STD in US
Sx – painful urination and white, yellow or green discharge, often none in females (if females do have sx-similar to males)
Untreated gonorrhea can cause serious and permanent health problems in both women and men. In men, gonorrhea can cause a painful condition in the tubes attached to the testicles. In rare cases, this may cause a man to be sterile, or prevent him from being able to father a child. Rarely, untreated gonorrhea can also spread to your blood or joints. This condition can be life-threatening.
Untreated gonorrhea may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV – the virus that causes AIDS.
*It is becoming harder to treat some gonorrhea, as drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea are increasing

71. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital Warts
Human papillomavirus
Wart is usually symptomatic, often not visible to the naked eye
May look like small, hard, round spots resembling cauliflower
Diagnosis by examination
Rx- acid or cryosurgery (liquid nitrogen)

72. Contraception Methods of preventing pregnancy
Some degree of protection against STDs (STI’s) with some types.

73. Method Effectiveness Abstinence 100% Sterilization Birth Control pills
95-99%
IUD
93-99%
Diaphragm
90-99%
Condom
85-97%
Spermacides, Douching, Withdrawl and Rhythm
???-85%

74. Watch Youtube Video STI’s (STD’s)……. https://youtu.be/llnXtPZOazM

75. Sterilization Male – VASECTOMY (Vas Deferens)
Female – TUBAL LIGATION (Fallopian Tube)

76. Watch Youtube Video CrashCourse How Gonads go……. https://youtu