1. Beginning of the year review Spanish 1 grammar

2. Saying the date Formula = Exception = Example = May 5th
Es el (number) de (month)
Exception =
The first of the month is “Es el primero de (month)”
Example = May 5th
Es el cinco de mayo
Practice: Write the following dates
Christmas
New years day
August 10th
Es el veinticinco de diciembre
Es el primero de enero
Es el diez de agosto

3. Spanish subject pronouns
Subject pronouns replace the name of the person doing the action in a sentence.
In English they are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.
Spanish subject pronouns
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd person
3rd person yo
Nosotros, nosotras tú él
ellos
ella
ellas
usted (Ud.)
ustedes (Uds.)

4. SER Nosotros(as) somos Yo soy Tú eres Él es Ellos son ella es
Singular
Plural
1st person
I am = __________________
We are ____________________
2nd person
You (familiar) are ____________
XXX
3rd person
He is =____________________
She is=____________________
You(formal) are =___________
it is=______________________
They (m) are=_______________
They (f) are=_______________
all of you are=______________
They (things) are =___________
Nosotros(as) somos
Yo soy
Tú eres
Él es
Ellos son
ella es
Ellas son
Ud. es
Ustedes son es
son

5. Ser
The verb ser is one of two verbs in Spanish that translates as “to be”. The verbs are not interchangeable.
Use ser in the following situations:
The hour, day, and date
nationality
Occupation
Physical or character description
Religious or political affiliation
Origin
Possession
relationship of one person to another
certain impersonal expressions
where an event is taking place
essential qualities
The material something is made of
“to be” English conjugations
I am
You are
He, she, it is
We are
They are

6. Definite and indefinite articles
Definition of an article: a small word that comes before a noun and translates as “the, a, an, some”.
It must match the item in number and gender.
Definite articles refer to something specific. “the”
Indefinite articles refer to something in general. “a, an, some”
Definite articles
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Indefinite articles
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine el
los un
unos la
las
una
unas

7. Adjectives Adjectives definition
A word that describes or modifies a noun
Adjectives in Spanish must match the noun in number and gender
Adjectives are generally placed after the noun in the sentence.
El carro verde
Los carros verdes

8. Time Telling time Formula = At what time formula =
(Es/son) + (la, las) + (hour) + (y/menos) + (minutes) + (Time of day)
At what time formula =
A + (la, las) + (hour) + (y/menos) + (minutes) + (Time of day)
Examples:
1:10 pm __________________________________________________________
8:30am __________________________________________________________
7:15 pm __________________________________________________________
9:45 am __________________________________________________________
Or_________________________________________________________
Es la una y diez de la tarde
Son las ocho y media de la mañana
Son las siete y cuarto de la noche
Son las nueve y cuarenta y cinco de la mañana
Son las diez menos cuarto de la mañana

9. Conjugating –ar verbs Definitions Verb Infinitive Subject
Subject pronouns
Conjugate
Conjugations
A word that represents an action or a state of being– “it’s what you do”
the simple or basic form of the verb, the unchanged verb with
the –ar, -er, or –ir still attached to the end of the word. Generally means “to do something” ex: hablar – to speak
the person doing the action
Words that replace the person’s name and used as the
subject of a noun
changing the verb to match the subject
the forms of the verb after it has been conjugated or
changed to match the subjects

10. Conjugating –ar, -er, -ir present tense verbs
Steps
Take off the –ar, -er, -ir ending.
Hablar –ar = habl (this is called the stem)
Figure out who the subject is
Yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros, nosotras, ellos, ellas, ustedes
Add the appropriate ending
Example:
HABLAR
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
emos/ imos o
amos o as
ais
hablamos es
hablo
eis/ is
hablas a an e en
habla
hablan

11. Irregular verbs IR, DAR, and Estar
Conjugations and translations
To be
To give
Estar = ____________
Ir = __________
To go
Dar = ____________
voy
vamos
doy
damos
estoy
estamos
vas
vais
das
daís
estás
estais va
van da
dan
está
están

12. IR The verb ir and its conjugations are generally followed by “a”
To say you are going to do something formula
(ir) + a + (infinitive)
To say you are going to some place formula
(ir) + a + (article) + (noun)
Contractions:
_______ + _______ = ________ (to the, at the)
_______ + _______ = ________ (of the, from the)
Voy a estudiar
vamos a la escuela a el al de el
del

13. Estar This verb is not interchangeable with ser! Usage Rhyme:
How you feel and where you are, you always use the verb estar.
Health, feelings, location, emotions, present progressive tense

14. Review part 2

15. Present progressive tense
The present progressive is used in Spanish to express an action that is presently going on—an action in progress.
The present progressive is formed by using the present tense of the verb estar and the present participle—speaking, doing.
To form the present participle of most verbs in Spanish you drop the ending of the infinitive and add -ando to the stem of -ar verbs and -iendo to the stem of -er and -ir verbs.
Note that the verbs leer and traer have a y in the present participle.
leyendo trayendo

16. Saber y conocer in the present tense
The verb saber means to know a fact or to have information about something. It also means to know how to do something.
The verb conocer means to know in the sense of to be acquainted with.
It is used to talk about people and complex or abstract concepts rather than simple facts.

17. Saber y conocer in the present tense
The verbs saber and conocer both mean to know.
Note that like many Spanish verbs they have an irregular yo form in the present tense. All other forms are regular.
Present
saber
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
Present
conocer
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person sé
sabemos
conozco
conocemos
sabes
conoces
sabe
saben
conoce
conocen

18. Present tense “go” verbs
The verbs hacer (to do, to make), poner, traer (to bring), and salir have an irregular yo form.
The yo form has a g. All other forms are the same as those of a regular -er or -ir verb.
hacer
poner
traer
salir Yo Tú
Él,ella, ud.
Nosotros
Ellos, ellas, Uds.
hago
pongo
traigo
salgo
haces
pones
traes
sales
hace
pone
trae
sale
hacemos
ponemos
traemos
salimos g
hacen
ponen
traen
salen
Beware of the sneaky “g”

19. Present tense “go” verbs
The verb venir (to come) also has an irregular yo form. It conjugates like the verb tener. It is an e-ie stemchanger.
Present
venir
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
vengo
venimos
vienes
viene
vienen

20. Direct object pronouns
The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.
The direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the direct object pronoun.
1. Place it immediately before the conjugated verb.
2. Attach it directly to the infinitive.
DOPNs
Singular
Plural
1st person
Me= ________
Us = ________
2nd Person
You = ________
3rd person
Him = ________
Her = ________
You/It = ________
Them (m) _______
Them (fem) _____
Y’all ___________
nos me te lo
los la
las
Lo/la
Los/las

21. Indirect object pronouns
The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going.
The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed.
Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going.
Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.

22. Indirect object pronouns
When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns:
IDOPNs
Singular
Plural
1st person
(to/for) Me= ________
(to/for) Us = ________
2nd Person
(to/for) You = ________
3rd person
(to/for) Him = ________
(to/for) Her = ________
(to/for) You/It = ________
(to/for) Them (m) _______
(to/for) Them (fem) _____
(to/for) Y’all ___________
nos me te le
les le
les le
les
The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous.
Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity or for emphasis

23. Reflexive verbs
A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same
When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."
The reflexive pronouns are
me, te, se, nos, se
Steps to conjugating
Cut
Fling
Flop
Chopsuey
(switch-a-roonie)
Schmoosh me
lav ar o se
Cut off the “se”
Fling “se” in front of the verb
Flop “se” over into me, te, se, nos, or se to match the subject
Chop off –ar, -er, -ir
Swich the stem if necessary
Add the appropriate ending

24. Preterite of regular –ar verbs
The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed.
The preterite of regular -ar verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -ar and adding the appropriate endings to the stem.
Note that verbs that end in ______, ______, and ______ have a spelling change in the ______ form.
_______ = _______
Pret. –ar endings
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
car
gar
zar yo é
amos
car
aste
qué
gar
gué ó
aron
zar cé

25. Preterite of regular –er and –ir verbs
Both regular –er and –ir verbs have the same set of endings
Pret. Er/ir endings
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person í
imos
iste ió
ieron

26. Ser and Ir in the preterite
The verbs ir and ser are irregular in the preterite tense
The context in which each verb is used in the sentence will clarify the meaning.
The verb ser is not used very often in the preterite.
Pret. Of
ser and ir
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
fui
fuimos
fuiste
fue
fueron

27. Dar and Ver in the preterite
The preterite endings of the verbs dar and ver are the same as those of regular -er and -ir verbs, except for the accent marks.
Pret.
dar
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
Pret.
ver
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person di
dimos vi
vimos
diste
viste
dio
dieron
vio
vieron