1. Sejarah Teknologi Mobile
As’ad Djamalilleil

2. Sejarah Telepon Mobile
Paten terhadap telepon nirkabel, Kentucky – Amerika, 1908
Telepon bergerak (mobile), Perusahaan AT&T mengembangkan “cells” untuk telp mobile base-station, 1940an
Telp mobile pertama memanfaatkan teknologi gelombang radio 2 arah untuk berkomunikasi lewat sebuah base-station dgn jangkauan yang sangat luas

3. Motorola, 3 April 1973, memproduksi masal perangkat telepon mobile yang dikenal dgn 0G (zero generation)
Jepang menjadi negara pertama yg memiliki jaringan selular telepon mobile komersial, 1979
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) diluncurkan di Denmark, Norwegia, Swedia, dan Finlandia, 1981
Pertengahan 1980an, diperkenalkan 1G (first generation) yang menggunakan jaringan selular yang sepenuhnya otomatis

5. Motorola DynaTac, 1983, mendapat persetujuan dari Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
2G (second generation) diluncurkan di Finlandia, Mengenalkan pesan SMS pertama yang dikirim dan layanan data mulai diperkenalkan pada telp mobile
3G, diluncurkan tahun 2001 dan menawarkan layanan yang luas untuk video-call dan layanan transmisi data HSPA
4G tersedia secara komersial di UK akhir tahun 2012 dan menawarkan koneksi super cepat

6. Sejarah Aplikasi Mobile
First smart phone was announced for the general use by IBM in 1993 that was equipped with the features like calculator, world clock, calendar and contact book
BlackBerry Smartphone released in 2002 was the next major achievement in the field of mobile application development and it was marked by BlackBerry Limited, formerly known as Research In Motion Limited (RIM) and integrated with the innovative concept of wireless

8. Psion EPOC
EPOC (operating system) developed by Psion for portable devices, primarily PDAs. It was the first recognizable apps and first released in the early 90s, the sixteen bit machines (SIBO) which ran EPOC permitted user’s programmes such as a word processor, spreadsheet, diary and database. However, later models running at 32-bit OS, would come with up to 2MB RAM and let users to add extra apps via software packs.

10. Palm OS
Also known as Garnet OS, developed by Palm, Inc., in 1996 for personal digital assistants. This had a touchscreen GUI (graphical user interface) and came with a raft of basic apps and tons of third party apps programmed in C/C++. Also, from Palm OS 3.0 onwards these included a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) browser.

12. WML (Wireless Markup Language)
WML was developed by the WAP Forum for use in Wireless Application Protocol enabled devices and based on XML. It was light in weight and best for the low bandwidths you got with mobile phones back in the late 90s as it stripped out much of the HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) that needs processing power.

13. J2ME/JME
Java ME began life as JSR 68, replaced Personal Java and rapidly became so favorite that it evolved into several standards for use across PDAs, phones and other embedded devices. Devices implement profiles, such as the Mobile Information Device Profile) which are subsets of configurations like the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC). In addition, CLDC, designed for devices with total memory of 160KB to 512KB, and holds the bare minimum of Java-class libraries needed for operating a virtual machine.

14. Symbian
Symbian grew out of the Psion EPOC OS, AND developed by Symbian Ltd – a joint venture of Psion, Ericsson, Nokia and Motorola. This the operating system was almost omnipresent and 250 million devices were running Symbian in It was Nokia that drove the development of Symbian OS, and the S60 platform was used on about all Nokia handsets with some LG and Samsung as well.

16. Android
Based on the Linux kernel, Android started life as a proposed advanced operating system for digital cameras until the company realised that the market was limited compared to that for mobile phones.
The Open Handset Alliance unveiled the Android operating system in 2007, nearly two years after Google’s acquisition of Android. (The launch of Google’s foray into the mobile world was delayed by the launch of the iPhone which radically changed consumers’ expectations of what a smartphone should do.)
Google faced down a copyright infringement suit from Oracle over the Java-compatible nature of the Androids APIs. Rather than straight up Java APIs Android uses Apache Harmony and the Dalvik virtual machine which translates Java bytecode into Dalvik executable.

17. Pros
Android has a dominant share of the mobile market.
While developers have previously generated much more revenue from iOS devices (perhaps because iOS users have more disposable income?) that gap narrowed significantly in 2013.
You can develop on any platform.
The environment is more open: call history is available to all apps; notifications between apps are possible as well as the sharing of content; apps can be installed from any source.
Apps can be self-signed.
You can publish to Google Play for a one-off fee of $25.

18. Cons
Fragmentation between different versions of the OS, which are often significantly different, are a major problem.
Upgrades are passed through manufacturers and carriers who add their own customisations, delaying the process.
App developers are forced to try to accommodate users whose OS versions are years apart (as opposed to iOS where most users upgrade to the new version within weeks of the release).
The Android process is often more manual than the iOS one.
Graphics are often slower.

19. iOS
Apple’s iPhone set the standard for the new generation of smartphones when it was first released in June 2007 with its touchscreen and direct manipulation interface. There was no native SDK until February of 2008 (Apple initially planned to provide no support for third-party apps).
The iOS lineage started with NeXTSTEP, an object-oriented multitasking OS from the late eighties developed by NeXT Computer (acquired by Apple in 1996). The world’s first web browser was developed on NeXTSTEP and proved hugely influential in the formative years of HTML.
The main programming language for iOS is Objective C. Development is done through Xcode IDE which has an in-built iOS simulator.

20. Pros
Less fragmentation arising from upgrades – 80% of users are on the latest version.
New features are usually available very quickly.
The OpenGL API is standard for graphics across the platform.
Navigation is non-prescriptive – you can decide how users will navigate within your app.

21. Cons
iOS is a more closed platform – there are limited possibilities for inter-app communication and private APIs are automatically rejected by the App Store.
Development can only be done on a Mac.
Duplicating core iPhone features is prohibited.
You need to subscribe to the iOS developer programme (annual fee) to publish apps and App Store guidelines can be difficult to understand.
The process of signing apps is non-trivial.
You need an Apple certificate to install to your own device.

22. Windows Phone 8
The second generation of the Windows Phone operating system uses the same Metro interface but has an updated architecture based on the Windows NT kernel (like Windows 8) rather than Windows CE (which was used as the basis for Windows Phone 7).
You can develop for Windows Phone 8 only on a system running Windows 8 – using Visual Studio 2012 as an IDE. You’re allowed to choose between XAML, Direct3D or a mixture for building UIs; you can write C#, Visual Basic apps on top of .Net; and you can use C++ for native code.
Publication is less flexible. Apps need to be put through a review process before being allowed into the store similar to iOS.
The low take up of Windows Phone makes this process seem rather onerous.

23. BlackBerry 10
Originally named BBX, BlackBerry 10 is based on the QNX microkernel operating system whose parent company RIM acquired in 2010.
BlackBerry 10 uses a system of gestures and touches which is supposed to make physical buttons unnecessary for core functions (e.g. a ‘back’ or ‘home’ button).
The OS also has an Android runtime layer so that Android apps can be packaged and distributed on the BlackBerry platform. (The latest versions even allow the direct download of apps via Google Play.)
Native application development utilises an API library in C and a Native API in C/C++ though you can eschew C++ coding through the WebWorks framework (HTML5 and JS), Adobe AIR or Java itself.
Again the publishing process is rather onerous: 10 business days are required to approve your app.

24. Tugas
Tuliskan semua versi Adroid beserta kelebihannya di setiap versi.