1. Unit 1 Health and Human Development
Intro to health and developement
Chapter 2, Semester 1
Mrs Westwood

2. Now I want to know about you..
What are your hobbies and interests?
Goals and dreams for the future?
How healthy do you think you are?

3. EXPECTATIONS I expect your best, 100% of the time RESPECT
If you miss class you need to catch up
Consequences
Homework
Behaviour

4. HEALTH
BRAINSTORM TIME..

5. Area of Study 1 – Understanding Health and Development
Definitions of health and the limitations of these definitions.
Physical, social and mental dimensions of health and their interrelationships
Measurements of health status, including life expectance, incidence, prevalence, trends, morbidity, mortality, disability adjusted life years (DALY’s) and burden of disease

6. Definitions of physical, social, emotional and intellectual development
Characteristics of, and interrelationships between, physical, social emotional and intellectual development,
The interrelationship between health and individual human development
Chapter 1 – Introducing health and human development.
Assessment - SAC 1

7. Now lets get you guys thinking

8. Draw images of what you consider a ‘healthy’ person?
What do you think an ‘unhealthy’ person would
look like? What characteristics would they have? Draw them next to the healthy person/
What factors did you take into account when
making these judgments about ‘healthy’ and
’unhealthy’? Do ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ people
act, behave or think differently?

9. Yes or no????
Is a person in a wheelchair healthy? What about someone who is blind?
Is someone who lives in a rural area healthier than someone who lives in the city?
Is a wealthy person healthier than a poor person?

10. Health, what is it?
The 3 dimensions of health (what are these again?) combine to create Health.
Health is “…a state of complete physical, emotional and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” WHO 1946.

11. Limitations to the W.H.O definition of health
The use of the word ‘complete’ makes achieving health an impossibility for any person.
Only 1 of the 3 dimensions are easily measureable. (physical)
Disease and infirmity difficult and costly to treat so they can go unnoticed.
Often requires access to health care to achieve good levels of health.

12. Dimensions of health
Physical
Health
Mental
Social

13. What does the term health include?
Can also include
the following as
dimensions of health
Spiritual
Psychological
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
PHYSICAL HEALTH
State of the physical body
Includes physical fitness
Resistance to disease
Functioning of organs
Good weight to height
Capacity to perform tasks
EMOTIONAL
HEALTH
How person thinks &
feels about themselves
and their ability to
cope with everyday
life
SOCIAL HEALTH
How you interact
with others - family,
friends, Peers, Work
Colleagues.
Includes ability to
behave in a socially
acceptable manner.

15. Physical health Physical Health:
Efficient functioning of body systems
Body weight to height, functioning of body organs, healthy eating.
Physical
Can be easily measured – fitness (can the person complete daily chores without exhaustion)
Weight:height ratio
Blood Cholestorol
Blood pressure
Absence or pressence of illness
Hard to measure:
Feelings of physical wellbeing (free from pain)
Energy levels
Functioning of body systems
Other factors that influence phy health such as food intake, sleep patterns eercise levels and genetics and although these factors contribute to the level of health experienced, it is the physical state they result in ie – ideal body weight good immune system

17. Social health Social Health: Being accepted by others
Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way.
Being accepted by others
Interacting with differing age and gender groups
Social health
Quality of interactions
Good netwoork of friends
Supportive and understanding family
SOCIAL HEALTH is DYNAMIC – which means it can change VERY QUICKLY!!

19. Mental health Mental Health: Working with stress Contribute to society
State of wellbeing in which an individual realises their capabilities.
Working with stress
Contribute to society
Be productive
Mental health
Emotional and pschological wellbeing
About the thoughts and the impact that a persons feelings have on themselves
Positive mental health –managing day to day with low levels of stress
Leading independent life
Being resilient in misfortune
Selfesteem (feel good about themselves and it influences behaviours and self confidence (beleiving in one self worth and ability to succeed
Accepting challenges

20. Jac plus – interactivity
2.1 – dimensions of health

21. Interrelationship of the dimensions of health
Physical health
Mental health
Social health

22. Relationship between dimensions
Health requires balance between all aspects of health.
No single dimension of health acts independently.
Each dimension influences the other.

24. Optimal health
Optimal health is the highest level of health an individual can realistically achieve.
Everyone has different genetic potential and is influenced by different environments

25. Injury – leads to hospitalisation

26. Suggest ways that this man’s physical and social health could be affected by his current mental state.

27. Relationship Break up How can this effect: Physical health
Social health
Mental health

28. Case study
Tom is a year 11 student who enjoys playing football and socialising with friends in his spare time. He has a part-time job that allows him to earn enough money to fund his social life and to save money for a car. In the past few months, Tom has been trying to convince his parents to allow him to leave school and get a job as an apprentice plumber. Tom’s parents have been trying to persuade him to finish year 11 and then try to get an apprenticeship. This issue has caused a lot of conflict within the household. Tom has been feeling stressed about being at home and is therefore avoiding the house as much as possible. In the past week, he has been sleeping at a friend’s house and has not been doing the things that he normally does, including going to his job and playing football.
How has Tom’s health been affected by the conflict with his parents?
Suggest examples from the case study that represent each of the three dimensions of health (physical, social and mental).
Suggest ways that Tom could return his health to an optimal state.

29. What is the difference between health and development??

30. Difference between health and development
‘health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. ’
Individual human development is the changes that people experience from conception until death. Development is often characterised by milestones that are predictable and occur in a sequential order.
Going through puberty, learning to walk or learning the skills required to interact with others are examples of milestones associated with individual human development.

31. Health v Development Health Physical, social and mental
May feel like, might develop, may lose, could experience………
Development
Physical, Social, Emotional and Intellectual
We learn to, the child develops their…….

32. Sac/exam type question
Define health and explain the limitations of the definitions of health
(3 marks)

33. What needs to be included…

34. So how do we measure health status?

35. Think of health status on a continuum.

36. Measuring health status
Life Expectancy (79.7 males and 84.2 females)
Mortality rates are DEATH rates
Mortality
Under 5 Mortality
Morbidity rates (disease in a population)
Incidence and prevalence.
Burden of disease – impact of the disease
Years of life lost (YLL)
Years lost due to disability (YLD)
Disability adjusted life years (DALY)

37. Death rates for Australians aged 15–19, 1970–2009 what is the overall trend of this graph (2 marks)

39. Measures of health… Mortality – the numbers of deaths and their causes
Under-5 mortality – deaths of children under 5 per 1000 live births
Morbidity – levels of ill health in an individual and population or group.
Prevalence – proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Incidence – the number or rate of new cases of a condition in a specified time period
Life expectancy – an estimate of the number of years a person is expected to live, if current death rates remain the same
Life expectancy at birth – an estimate of how many years a newborn infant is expected to live.

40. Years of life lost (YLLs) for selected conditions by sex and age group - what is the 5th leading cause of YLL for both males and females in this graph?

41. Burden of disease – the impact of disease and injury.

42. Interactivity - jacplus
Patterns of morbidity and mortality

43. Measurement example.
“Swine flu has been called a pandemic by the WHO because the disease has spread to affect people in 77 countries and has caused cases and 2837 deaths. In Victoria, with a population of about 5 million, 2420 people have been diagnosed with the disease, and 30 new cases are being diagnosed each day. Swine flu has killed 24 people in Victoria”
Identify the incidence, prevalence, mortality and morbidity.

44. More measures of health…
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) – the number of years lived without reduced functioning due to ill health
Years of life lost (YLL) – the number of years of expected life lost due to premature death
Burden of disease – the impact of disease and injury.
Disability adjusted life year (DALY) – the sum of years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death and equivalent ‘healthy’ years lost due to disability (YLD). One DALY is a lost year of ‘healthy life’.

45. Activity 1.5

46. How do we calculate the DALY?
DALY = YLL (Years life lost due to premature death) + YLD (‘healthy’ years lost due to disability)
YLL = look at life expectancy and deduct the age they were when lost life
YLD = we need to know the disability of year of diagnosis.

47. Disability adjusted life years (DALY’s)
When male and female data are combined we find that mental health issues are the 3rd leading cause of burden of disease in Australia (14% of total).
Summary of burden of disease for Australia:
Cardiovascular Disease = 20%
Cancers = 19%
Mental health issues = 14%
Among top 15 causes of disease burden in Australia - 4 are non-fatal (or low fatality) - depression, asthma, osteoarthritis and hearing loss.

48. Criticism of the DALY
DALY relies formal data to be gathered. Not always possible
Accuracy of Indigenous and rural/remote questionable
Not every individual with illness or disability notifies government or visits a doctor/hospital.
Doesn’t account for homeless and the very poor.

49. Where do we get these statistics from?
HEALTH STATISTICS
Includes statistics on deaths, illnesses, disability,
life expectancy, use of medical system and use of
health care providers
Dept of Human
Services
(Victorian
Government)
Australian Institute
of health and welfare
(AIHW)
Australian
Bureau of
Statistics
(ABS)
Dept of Health and
Ageing
(Commonwealth
Government)

50. Why do we need health statistics?
Monitor trends and determine priorities in health and well-being
Identify emerging health issues that require action
Develop and implement public health initiatives
Evaluate the effects of initiatives and programs

51. Determinants of health
These are factors that raise of lower level of health.
They help explain or predict trend in health.
Help with prevention and protection against ill-health.
3 key determinants are:
Biological
Behavioural
Social

52. Biological determinants
Factors relating to body that impact on health:-

57. Behavioural determinants
Actions or patterns of living of an individual or group that impact health.

61. Social determinants
Aspects of society and social environment that impact health.

62. Socioeconomic status.

63. Environmental determinants
External factors on an individual or group:-
Low water quality
Chemical hazards
Biological hazards
Ozone depletion (cancer and eye diseases)

64. Review of measuring health status
Definitions of health - WHO, BHC
Dimensions of health - Physical, social, mental
Determinants of health - Biological, behavioural, social, environmental factors.
How is health status measured? Mortality rates, morbidity rates, burden of disease (DALY’s), incidence, prevalence, U5 M,
Current life expectancy rates for Australians: 79.1 years for males, 83.7 years for females (as of 2008).

65. Chapter 2 review…… Summary questions 1, 3, 6, 8.
Extension questions 1.
Exam preparation question.