1. The Cold War Expands Were the methods used by the United States to
contain communism justified?

2. A. a brief meeting in which something is passed between two agents
Descriptions
A. a brief meeting in which something is passed between two agents
B. when an operation or agent is uncovered and cannot remain secret
C. someone who has penetrated an enemy intelligence organization
D. the complete cover story for an agent
E. an operative who is sent to test border controls before an agent infiltrates them
F. the ultimate spying methods, developed for use in the most hostile environments
G. a secret location where materials can be left in a concealed location for another party to retrieve
H. methods used to make the opening of envelopes undetectable
I. when an operation goes bad and an agent is arrested
J. an artist trained to forge documents, passports, tickets, certificates, money, and the like
The men and women who served in the CIA during the Cold War developed a language unique to their profession. Match each term used by CIA agents below with its description. Write each term and its correct description in your notebook.
Spy Terms
1. legend mole
2. validator Moscow rules
3. dead drop prober
4. compromised 9. flaps and seals
5. brush pass rolled up
Answers: 1-D 2-J 3-G 4-B 5-A 6-C 7-F 8-E 9-H 10-I

3. In 1948, the US, France and Britain merged their zones and gave Germans independence. In late June, the Soviets cut all road and rail traffic to West Berlin.
2 million West Berliners were trapped with little food or fuel.
The Berlin Crisis

4. Should the U.S. intervene?

5. The Allies dropped food and supplies for 462 straight days
The Allies dropped food and supplies for 462 straight days. The Soviets lifted the blockade in 1949.

6. Over the years, more than 3 million people left East Germany for a better life in the West. By 1961, the communist government built the wall stop people from leaving.
The Berlin Wall

8. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization April 1949
The Berlin blockade convinced many Americans that a defense alliance was needed. NATO members agreed member come to the aid of any attack.
NATO initially included: the US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland. 6 years later, West Germany was allowed to join.
This decision alarmed Soviet leaders who organized a military alliance with Eastern Europe, known as the Warsaw Pact.
In 1954, the US joined SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization).
NATO
North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
April 1949

10. China
To prevent a Communist revolution in Asia, the U.S. sent the Nationalist government $2 billion in aid in the mid-1940s.
But by 1949, the Communists established the People’s Republic of China in October.
In 1949, the Soviets had successfully tested its first atomic bomb.
In 1950, China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship.

11. 4
The Korean War

12. Korean War
After WWII, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel with the Soviets controlling the north and the Americans controlling the south.
The Soviets provided extensive military aid to North Koreans, who built up a large army. On June 25, 1950 N. Korean troops invaded South Korea.

13. President Truman called on the UN to act and ordered troops in Japan to Korea.
General MacArthur led the UN forces in Korea. At first, he had major success and pushed North Korean troops north past the 38th parallel.
In response to UN troops crossing the 38th parallel, China sent troops to help the North Koreans. With Chinese help, the North Koreans pushed the UN troops back south.
General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of the U.N. forces in Korea, issued an unauthorized statement containing a veiled threat to expand the war into China if the Communist side refused to come to terms.
"the removal of General MacArthur was within the constitutional power of the President." 

14. For a long time, the war remained a stalemate at the 38th parallel.
Tensions mounted between President Truman and General MacArthur:
MacArthur wanted to push past the 38th parallel and even invade mainland China. Truman wanted to use diplomacy and avoid a major war with China.
MacArthur tried to go over Truman’s head by using the media to get public support, and Truman fired him for insubordination on April 11, 1951.

15. Why MacArthur Was Fired
MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons
Wanted to bomb Chinese bases to destroy enemy supplies
Felt that war should proceed by any means necessary.

16. Why is it known as the Forgotten War?

17. Vietnam War
Korean War
World War II

18. About 8 million Korean families were separated during the war.

19. 36,000 Americans The War Dead: 595,000 South Koreans
1,300,000 North Koreans

20. The Korean War ended in 1953 as a stalemate, with the country still split at the 38th parallel.
Truman’s decision to fight a limited war (and not invade China, as General MacArthur wanted to do) cost him popularity at home.
The “loss” of China to Communism and the stalemate in the Korean, many Americans to become increasingly paranoid about the spread of Communism.

21. The Korean War https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X7nbwFxGRU

22. 1953: The war ends approximately where it started…the 38th parallel.
DVD: 20th Century Turning Points: (8 min. total)
President Truman Sends American Troops to the Aid of South Korea and The Korean War

24. Kim Il
Jong
Sung Un

25. The CIA Created by the National Security Act of 1947
Mainly responsible for intelligence abroad.
Two parts:
collection and analysis of data
covert operations
During the Cold War CIA covert operations became the “hidden hand” of U.S. foreign policy.

26. May 1, 1960: CIA agent Francis Gary Powers’ U-2, was shot down by Soviet missile.
Powers was unable to activate plane's self-destruct mechanism before he parachuted to the ground, right into the hands of the KGB.
When US learned of Powers' disappearance over USSR, it issued a cover statement claiming that a "weather plane" crashed after its pilot had "difficulties with his oxygen equipment."
US officials did not realize:
Plane crashed intact,
Soviets recovered its photography equipment
Captured Powers, whom they interrogated extensively for months before he made a "voluntary confession" and public apology for his part in US espionage
The U-2 Incident

27. Cuba gained its independence on Jan. 28, 1909, when U. S
Cuba gained its independence on Jan. 28, 1909, when U.S. troops marched out of Havana and most of Cuba (but retained the Guantanamo Bay naval base, which the U.S. still occupies today.)
In 1952, Fulgencio Batista overthrew the government and installed himself as dictator
in 1958, a young lawyer, Fidel Castro led a group of peasants and middle-class Cubans in a successful revolt against Batista.

28. US ally, US businesses & US military base (Guantanamo)
1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Batista (US-backed dictator), establishing Communist government.
Castro takes over US businesses.
Increasing friction between the US and Castro's communist regime led President Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961.

29. The Bay of Pigs Invasion
an unsuccessful attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Prior to the invasion, the CIA had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the island.
On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with US weapons, landed at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba hoping for support from locals.

30. The Bay of Pigs Invasion
Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's army.
The failure of the invasion seriously embarrassed the Kennedy administration.
Some critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate support
Others blamed Kennedy for allowing it to take place at all.
Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the US and was convinced that the Americans would try to take over the Cuba again.
Cuban leader Fidel Castro watches events during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

33. How close have we come to nuclear war??

34. The
1962
Cuban
Missile
Crisis

35. In April 1962, Soviet Premier Khrushchev deployed missiles in Cuba to provide a deterrent to a potential US attack against the USSR.
Meanwhile, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from an attack by the US. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, Castro felt a second attack was inevitable. Consequently, he approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island. In the summer of 1962 the USSR secretly installed the missiles.

36. October 14, 1962, US U2 spy plane takes photos of suspected USSR missile sites on Cuba

38. 13 Days Oct 16-28

39. Day 1, Oct 16
ExComm – Executive Committee of the National Security Council
Discussions begin on how to respond to the challenge. Two principal courses are offered: an air strike and invasion, or a naval quarantine with the threat of further military action. 

40. Day 2: American military units begin moving to bases in the Southeastern U.S. as intelligence photos from another U-2 flight show additional sites; and 16 to 32 missiles. 

41. Day 3, By October 18, the president and his advisers weighed only two options: blockade or invasion.

42. Day 7, October 22
Kennedy announced the discovery of the missiles and his decision to blockade Cuba and that any attack launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the US by the USSR and demanded that the Soviets remove all of their offensive weapons from Cuba.

43. Day 13, Oct 28
Radio Moscow announces that the Soviet Union has accepted the proposed solution and releases the text of a Khrushchev letter affirming that the missiles will be removed in exchange for a non-invasion pledge from the United States.

45. Letter from Nikita Khrushchev to John F. Kennedy, October 26, 1962

46. Black Saturday – Second Letter

47. What happened during the October Crisis?
24 October, 10:32 am, Soviet ships stop and turn round
25 October, aerial photos show continued construction of missile sites
26 October, Kennedy receives another letter offering to negotiate over missiles in Cuba with removal of blockade and US invasion threat
27 October, Kennedy receives second letter calling for withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey too

48. What happened during the October Crisis?
27 October, US U2 plane shot down over Cuba & pilot killed.Kennedy decides to ignore second letter, but accepts terms of 1st letter
28 October, Khrushchev agrees to dismantle Soviet missiles in Cuba
What is this cartoonist trying to say about the difficulties facing Kennedy during the Crisis?