1. Science of Classifying Living Organisms
Taxonomy
Science of Classifying Living Organisms

2. “Father of Taxonomy” – Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish Botanist)
He set up the system we use today
He recognized species on the basis of structural similarity
He gave them scientific names made up of Latin words

3. Linnaeus’s Naming System
This system is called binomial nomenclature (two-word naming)
 The first word is the genus (which is always capitalized) and the second is the species
Both are underlined or italicized

4. Members of the same species are similar in structure and can mate to produce a fertile offspring

5. Celebrities!!

6. Six-kingdom System (in order from the least complex)
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria   
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

7. Groupings in classification (starting with the largest)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus (genera – plural)
Species

8. For example - classify man: Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata
Subphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - sapiens
Scientific name of man - Homo sapiens (wise one)

9. Symmetry - general form of an organism
3 basic types: (except in snails and amoeba which are asymmetrical)
 1. spherical - a ball (sphere) any axis through the center will divide in half
2. radial - axes radiate like the spokes of a wheel
 3. bilateral - 2 sided axis will divide into similar halves one side is a mirror image of the other

10. Types of Symmetry:
Spherical Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral

11. The Prokaryotes Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Characteristics:
1.  most numerous organisms on Earth
2.  most ancient organisms
3.  microscopic
4.  prokaryotic – no true nucleus
pro – before karyo – nucleus

13. Kingdom Archaebacteria
found in extreme, harsh environments
do NOT contain the carbohydrate peptidoglycan in the cell walls
3 Broad Groups

14. 1. Methanogens – get energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas
anaerobic – do not require oxygen
live in the bottom of swamps, in sewage (form of marsh gas), and in intestinal tracts of humans and other animals
Wolinella succinogenes (Bacteria) This bacterium lives in the rumens of cows and is related to two microbes that cause stomach disorders in people, Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. Scientists had thought the bacterium was harmless to people, but the genome project revealed genes that may be used to cause disease.

15. 2. Extreme halophiles – use salt to generate ATP (cellular energy)
live in areas of very high salt concentrations
ex. Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea
Halophiles have turned the land that surrounds the Great Salt Lake in Utah a reddish color. This happens to the land after flood water spreads onto the land.

16. ex. hot springs, volcanic vents, hydrothermal vents
3. Thermoacidophiles – live in areas of extremely acidic environments that have extremely high temperatures
ex. hot springs, volcanic vents,
hydrothermal vents
Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park

17. Kingdom Eubacteria -found everywhere
 contain the carbohydrate peptidoglycan that makes up the cell wall

18. 3 Shapes of the Eubacteria
bacilli – rod-shaped
cocci – sphere-shaped
in chains – streptococci
in grapelike clusters – staphlococci
c. spirilla – spiral-shaped

20. Some functions of bacteria:
1. decomposers – break down dead organisms to recycle nutrients
2. nitrogen fixers – plants can only use nitrogen in a certain form in order to grow 
bacteria in soil convert nitrogen to that form 

21. 3. disease – can cause disease by breaking down tissue for food or releasing poisons that harm the body
tuberculosis, food poisoning, strep (streptococci)
4. food products – bacteria help to make some foods that we value
cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, and sauerkraut

22. Fungi
Bacteria

23. 5. industry
  a. digest petroleum – clean up oil spills
b. remove waste products and poisons from H2O
c. help mine minerals from the ground
d. synthesize drugs/chemicals through genetic engineering
6. controlling
bacteria 
a. sterilization
b. refrigeration,
steaming
c. canning

24. Viruses Virology – the study of viruses Characteristics: a. nonliving
b. composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat
c. smaller than bacteria
d. cause disease in living organisms
Major divisions focus on genetic material:
1. DNA viruses
2. RNA viruses

25. DNA Viruses   
Divided by the shape for their protein coats and their sizes
capsid – the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid
The protein in the capsid “tricks” the host cell into allowing the virus. Once inside it takes over, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect.

26. A Bacteriophage (my personal fav)

27. RNA Viruses

30. Common diseases caused by viruses:
Polio, measles, AIDS, mumps, influenza, yellow fever, rabies, common cold, cancer

31. Cases of Polio

32. Fighting Viral Diseases
Vaccines – weakened or killed virus or viral protein
Body produces antibodies that protect you from future invasions

33. Kingdom Protista
Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus or prokaryote
Includes protozoans and algae

34. Protista Characteristics
One-celled or multicellular, solitary or in a colony (colonial)
Many are microscopic (most are)
Contain organelles – no tissues or organs
Moist environment
Locomotion (if any):
Cilia (hair-like)
Flagella (whip-like)
Pseudopod (false foot)

35. Cilia (Paramecium caudatum)

36. Flagella – Euglena gracias

37. Pseudopod – Amoeba proteus

38. Algal Bloom in Australia November 2012

39. Important Protists 1. Phylum Sarcodina
Amoeba eating two paramecium
1. Phylum Sarcodina
move by pseudopods – cytoplasmic streaming
surround their food to ingest it into food vacuole
reproduce by binary fission
ex. amoeba

40. 2. Phylum Ciliophora move using cilia free-living
reproduce: sexually - conjugation
asexually – binary fission
ex. paramecium

41. 3. Phylum Zoomastigina move using flagella
feed on decaying organic matter; some are parasitic
reproduce asexually – binary fission
ex. trypanosomes

42. 4. Phylum Sporozoa no means of locomotion
ex. Plasmodium – causes malaria
reproduce asexually by spores – produce sporozoites that attaches to, enters, and lives off of host cell

43. Diseases Caused by Protists
1. Malaria
caused by the sporozoan, Plasmodium
carried by the female Anopheles mosquito
known as the “Chills and Fever” Disease

44. Mosquito Man’s RBC’s spores in blood (10-20 spores per RBC)
salivary glands
(sexual stage)
spores in blood (10-20 spores per RBC)
spindle shaped in stomach of mosquito
Man’s RBC’s
(Malaria)
(asexual stage)

45. Lifecycle of Malaria

46. 2. African Sleeping Sickness
caused by the trypanosome – Trypanosoma gambienese
carried by the tsetse fly
causes fever, swollen glands, anemia if in blood
coma or death if in CNS
life cycle is similar to malaria

47. 3. Amoebic Dysentery caused by the amoeba – Entamoeba histolytica
transmitted by contaminated drinking water
affects tissues of the intestinal wall causing ulcers and extreme diarrhea
cysts in solid wastes (excreted in feces)
common in areas with no sewage treatment or when human wastes are used as fertilizer
causes dehydration

48. Plant-like protists make up phytoplankton
major part of the oceans food web

49. Euglena

50. Dinoflagellates

51. Green Algae

52. Brown Algae

53. Red Algae

54. Golden-brown Algae

55. Kingdom Fungi Characteristics Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Unicellular/
multicellular
Cell walls usually of chitin
Mostly decomposers
Some parasites
Some commensal or mutualistic
Ex. YEAST!

56. Examples: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, bracket fungi

57. Amanita Some mushrooms are edible; some are poisonous
- no reliable simple distinction
Amanita
Blusher
Destroying Angel
(edible)
(deadly)

58. Fungi as heterotrophs feed on decaying matter
Fungi as decomposers
recycle nutrients

59. Fungi as parasites cause:
Plant diseases such as corn smut, mildew, wheat rust

60. Human diseases such as athletes foot, ringworm, yeast infections

61. Symbiotic Relationships:
Mutualism – symbiosis in which both organisms benefit
1. Lichen – mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a green alga or cyanobacterium

62. indicators of air pollution
pioneer plants

63. 2. Mycorrhiza – mutualistic association between fungus and plant roots

64. occur in over 90% of plants
fungus increases surface area to help plants absorb water and nutrients
fungus receives some sugar from the plant