1. Cell Structure and Function
Ms. Edwards

2. Overview of Cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
Cells perform basic functions of life:
Obtaining oxygen
Getting rid of wastes
Obtaining food
Growing

3. Overview of Cells Cells are REALLY small!
One cm2 of your skin’s surface has more than 100,000 cells!

4. First Observation of Cells
The invention of the microscope made the discovery of cells possible.
Microscope- an instrument that makes small objects larger

5. Development of Cell Theory
Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow-
a. German Scientists that concluded plants and animals are made of cells.

6. Cell Theory
Cell Theory- widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.
a. All living things are composed of cells.
b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
c. All cells are produced from other cells.

7. History of the Microscope
1674- Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope. Mag.= 266x
st compound microscope-
Zacharias & Hans Janssen
1660- Hooke’s compound microscope
1886- Compound Light Microscope- Ernst Abbe and Carl Zeiss. Mag.= 1000x

8. History of the Microscope
1933- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)- Ernst Ruska.
Mag.= 500,000x
1981- Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)- Mag.= 1,000,000x
1965- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)- Mag.= 150,000x. 3D image of specimen.

9. TEM photos of asbestos

10. SEM photo- Cholera bacteria

11. STM photos
Magnetic Fields
Gold molecule
Silicon Molecule

12. Light and Electron Microscopes
*Microscopes have 2 properties- magnification and resolution*
1. Magnification and lenses
a. The lenses in light microscopes magnify an object by bending the light that passes through them.

13. Light and Electron Microscopes
b. Convex Lens- center of the lens is thicker than the edge.
Incoming light rays bend as they pass through a convex lens. When the light hits the eye, the eye sees the image as larger than it really is.

14. Compound Microscopes 2. Compound Microscope Magnification
a. Compound- more than one lens. One lens is close to the eye and the other lens is near the specimen.
b. Total Magnification- multiply the magnification of the 2 lenses.
Ex: First lens = 10x
Second lens= 40x
Total magnification: 10 x 40 = 400x

16. Compound Microscopes
3. Resolution- the sharpness of the image. Allows us to focus on individual parts of the object.

17. Compound Microscopes
 4. Electron Microscopes- use a beam of electrons instead of light to produce a magnified image. Can capture images of objects much smaller than light microscopes.

18. Specialized Cells
  1. In Multicellular organisms, cells are specialized to perform different functions.
Ex: Nerve cells, skin cells, blood cells, etc.

19. Specialized Cells 2. Levels of Cellular Organization a. Cell
b. Tissue- Group of similar cells that work together (nervous, muscle, etc.)
c. Organ- Different kinds of tissues that work together (brain, heart, kidney, etc.)
d. Organ System- Group of organs that work together (respiratory, urinary, reproductive, etc.)

20. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Cell Wall
Rigid layer around the cell. Helps protect and support the cell. Made of cellulose.
Plant

21. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Cell Membrane
Controls what goes in to and out of the cell.
Both

22. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Nucleus
Cell’s control center
Both

23. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Nuclear Envelope
Surrounds and protects nucleus. Controls what goes in to and out of nucleus.
Both

24. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer Inside nucleus, contain DNA
Function
Animal or Plant?
Chromatin
Inside nucleus, contain DNA
Both

25. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer Inside nucleus, where ribosomes are made
Function
Animal or Plant?
Nucleolus
Inside nucleus, where ribosomes are made
Both

26. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Cytoplasm
Region between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The cell’s “glue.”
Both

27. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Golgi Bodies
Looks like a flattened sac or tube, Cell’s “mail room.” Receive proteins from the ER, package them, distribute them to other parts of the cell.
Both

28. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Lysosome
Small, round structures that contain chemicals for breaking down materials in cells, Cell’s “clean up crew.”
Both

29. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function
Animal or Plant?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Series of passageways, located in cytoplasm, carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.
Both

30. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped, located in cytoplasm, “powerhouse” of the cell. Convert energy in food to a form that cells can use.
Both

31. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Vacuole
Water-filled sac, storage areas for cells
Both- larger in plant cells

32. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer Green, where photosynthesis happens.
Function
Animal or Plant?
Chloroplast
Green, where photosynthesis happens.
Plants

33. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Ribosome
Located in cytoplasm and attached to parts of ER. Factories that produce proteins.
Both

34. Cell Parts Graphic Organizer
Function
Animal or Plant?
Centriole
Barrel- shaped organelles that help with cell division
Animal