1. Adaptation examples to Climate change impacts in Iran
International Conference on Managing Protected Areas under Climate Change: September 2012 Dresden / Germany
Dr. Mohammad Rahimi , Semnan University, Semnan, Iran,
ABSTRACT
The impacts of Climate change in different sections of natural environment of Iran have been observed, however many of them have not been studied yet and are unknown. Some of the adaptation options have conducted in Iran in order to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities in recognized areas. The most important types of adaptation in Iran are Anticipatory, Autonomous, Planned, Private, Public, and Reactive ones. Also these types of adaptation options were applied according to sector specific practices as well. Different sectors are agriculture and food security, hydrology and water resources, coastal and low lying areas, natural systems and biodiversity, human health, and human dimensions. In this study, the major methods of adaptation for climate change impacts in Iran have reviewed. However the master adaptation action plan of Iran for climate change impacts is on preparing and most of these examples have been used draft plan.
Keywords: Climate Change; Adaptation, Action plan, Iran.
Adaptation is adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic Stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.
Types of adaptation:
Anticipatory Adaptation;
Autonomous Adaptation;
Planned Adaptation;
Private Adaptation;
Public Adaptation;
Reactive Adaptation.
Anticipatory Adaptation: Adaptation that takes place before impacts of climate change are observed. Also referred to as proactive adaptation.
Autonomous Adaptation: Adaptation that does not constitute a conscious response to climatic stimuli but is triggered by ecological changes in natural systems and by market or welfare changes in human systems. Also referred to as spontaneous adaptation.
Planned Adaptation: Adaptation that is the result of a deliberate policy decision, based on an awareness that conditions have changed or are about to change and that action is required to return to, maintain, or achieve a desired state.
Private Adaptation: Adaptation that is initiated and implemented by individuals, households or private companies. Private adaptation is usually in the actor's rational self-interest.
Public Adaptation: Adaptation that is initiated and implemented by governments at all levels. Public adaptation is usually directed at collective needs.
Reactive Adaptation: Adaptation that takes place after impacts of climate change have been observed.
Sector Specific practices, Options and Constraints in Iran are:
Agriculture and Food Security
Hydrology and Water Resources
Coastal and Low Lying Areas
Natural Systems and Biodiversity
Human Health
Human Dimension
Oil industry
Agriculture and Food Security Ministry of Agriculture):
Copping (Choice of Crop and Cultivar):
Using more drought-tolerant crop varieties,
Using more disease and pest tolerant crop varieties,
Using salt-tolerant crop varieties,
Introducing higher yield, earlier maturing crop varieties in cold region.
Agricultural Agricultural Copping (Farm management):
Altered application of nutrients/fertilizer,
Altered application of insecticide/fertilizer,
Change planting date to effectively use the prolonged growing season and irrigation practices,
Developing low-watering methods in arid and semi arid regions. .
Livestock Production:
Breading greater tolerance and productivity livestock,
Increasing stocks of forages for unfavorable time period,
Improve pasture and grazing management including improved grassland and pasture,
Improve management of stocking rates and rotation of pasture.
Fishery:
Breeding fish to high water temperature,
developing warm-water fishery pools,
Fisheries management capabilities to come with impacts of climate change must be developed.
Development of Agricultural Bio-Technologies:
Development & distribution of more drought, disease, pest, and salt tolerant genes into crop varieties,
Develop improved processing and conservation technologies in livestock production varieties,
Improve crossbreeds of high productivity,
Carbon sequestration in rangelands.
Improvement of Agricultural Infrastructure
Improve pasture water supply,
Improve and wide spread of irrigation systems and improve the efficiency,
Improve use/store of rain and snow water,
Improve sea defense and flood management,
Using unconventional methods for water supply such as Fog Collection.
Hydrology and Water Resources (Ministry of Energy)
Desertification and water scarcity,
Water management including infrastructure,
Recycling reuse and conservation technologies,
Using electrical pumps for agricultural wells.
Coastal and Low Lying Areas (Ministry of Road and transportation)
Infrastructure,
Integrated coastal zone management.
Natural Systems and Biodiversity (Department of environment)
Sustainable forest management,
Biodiversity conservation.
Human Dimension (Ministry of interior affairs)
Disasters and migration management,
Institutional innovation and financial investment,
Urban planning and development.
Oil industry (Ministry of Oil)
Collection of Crude oil associated gas,
Natural gas substitution in industry,
Construction of CNG delivery stations,
Optimizing CO2 generated processing,
Energy consumption optimization in construction.