1. Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas Climate & Ecosystem Hearing Jackie Alder Sea Around Us Project 13 April 2008

2. Ecosystem Services Coastal Storm & flood protection Erosion control Biodiversity Food

3. Ecosystem Services Marine Climate regulation Nutrient cycling Food

4. Climate Change Coast Sea level rise Warmer inshore water Increased cyclone incidences and severity Increased wave action Increased rainfall Erosion Flooding Salt water contamination Increased harmful algal blooms and diseases Coral bleaching Invasive species Biodiversity decline

5. Regions Vulnerable to Flooding Mid-estimate (45 cm) by ~ 2080 UNFCCC 2007

6. Climate Change Marine Increased sea temperature Acidification Current patterns Storm/waves Fish distributions Changes to nutrient cycling - desertification of oceans Fish distribution changes Holbrook et al 2002

7. Chlorophyll Red = declining Blue = increasing Desertification NOAA 2008

8. 2003 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

9. 2007 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

10. 2011 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

11. 2015 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

12. 2019 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

13. 2023 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

14. 2027 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

15. 2031 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

16. 2035 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

17. 2039 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

18. 2043 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

19. 2047 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

20. 2051 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

21. 2055 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

22. 2059 Low High Relative abundance South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

23. Can Anything Be Done? Kleyplas et al 1999 UNFCCC 2007

24. Mitigation or Adaptation? Both are Needed Mitigation - options limited in coasts and marine areas Reduce GHG Adaptation - more options Reactive Proactive UNFCCC 2007

27. Proactive Payout Rebuild Retro-fit Accommodate Retreat

28. Reactive Protection Soft –beach nourishment –dune rehabilitation –mangrove restoration Hard –Seawalls –Gryones

29. Best Practices with a climate change lens Integrated coastal management –Set backs –Infrastructure –Access –Development/planning/urbanization –Disaster Preparation Strengthening traditional coping mechanisms Habitat restoration and protection Fisheries reconstruction and ecosystem approaches Marine Protected Areas

30. Case Studies NAPA Uruguay Kiribati

31. National Adaptation Programmes of Action For Lesser Developed Countries (49) supported by the UNFCCC –Human health –Socio-economic development –Water –Agriculture –Coastal management 32/49 NAPAs completed - Africa, Asia primarily

32. Common Themes for Coasts and Marine Areas (16 countries)

33. Uruguay Working on Third Climate Change Action Plan (PMEGEMA) Ministerial Interest in MVOTMA declared Ministerial Interest in the implementation of the measures in the PMEGEMA Transportation Agriculture Forestry Waste Energy UNFCCC 2007

34. Adaptation Measures Coastal Resources Promote ICZM Establishment monitoring system for surge and beach profiles Study and rehabilitation of degraded coastal areas Fishery Resources Monitoring of oceanographic and fishery variables Sea farming: stocking lagoons with shrimp post larvae for harvesting Incremental controls to prevent residual water dumping in coastal areas UNFCCC 2007

35. Kiribati Small Pacific Islands Low lying coral cays Climate Impacts Coastal erosion Salt water contamination Flooding Declining agriculture and fisheries Coral bleaching MELAD 2007

36. NAPA - Kiribati Water - well improvements Meterological - equipment & reporting Agriculture- gene banking, salt tolerant crops Coastal - roads and seawalls Coastal Management Coral reef rehabilitation MELAD 2007

37. Coastal & Coral Reef Adaptation Measures Risk management planning including adding resilience Coastal habitat protection MPAs Coastal infrastructure Artificial reefs Hatchery for stocking lagoons MELAD 2007

38. Ensuring Coastal & Marine Ecosystem Services Put on you Climate Change Glasses and: Follow best Practices for Coastal Management Setbacks Coastal protection and rehabilitation Risk management and disaster preparation And Fisheries Management ( Ecosystem Approach ) Reduce effort Ban destructive fishing practices Precautionary catch limits Property rights & economic incentives MPAs

39. Acknowledgements… Thanks to the Pew Charitable Trusts, Philadelphia; Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia; Members of the Sea Around Us project, and many others... visit us at www.seaaroundus.org

41. Sector Adaptation Measures Agriculture Biodiversity Coastal Resources Water Resources Fisheries Human Health UNFCCC 2007