1. COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS
CABI TOURISM TEXTS
4th Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning
A. J. Veal
COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS

2. Planning Tool 2: Facility/Service Audit – Capacity
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition
CHAPTER 11
Planning Tool 2: Facility/Service Audit – Capacity
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

3. Outline Introduction The facility/service audit process
Facilities: definitions and types
Capacity and facility types and contexts
Types of capacity
Capacity estimation
Greenfield sites
Natural & heritage resource assessment
Programmes and events
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

4. The facility/service audit process (Fig. 11.1)
1. Identify set of facilities
4. Action
Yes
Yes
2. Are facilities fully used?
3. Can manage- ment correct?
11. Are facilities serving all areas? No
Yes No No
7. Is there evidence
of unmet demand at existing facilities?
12. Quantify potential demand in unserved areas
5. Consider reduc-
ing capacity? No
Yes
8. Quantify
6. Amend inventory
or surplus/deficit
details
9. Confirm/amend facility deficit
10. Natural areas: resource assessment
13. Examine for consistency with already set targets and amend as appropriate

5. What Is a Facility? In sport: In the arts: In tourism:
a single playing area – e.g. court or playing field, or
a group – e.g. a squash centre, or
multi-purpose facility – e.g. a sports centre
In the arts:
a single facility – e.g. gallery
multi-purpose facility – e.g. arts centre
In tourism:
hotel = a multi-purpose facility: accommodation + convention/ballroom facility + fitness centre
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

6. Facility types – examples
Purpose-built
Natural/heritage
Formal
Use occupies specified space/time – bookings/tickets
Playing fields, squash courts, theatres
B. Organized activities at natural/heritage site e.g. safaris, whitewater rafting, guided tours
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

7. Facility types – examples
Purpose-built
Natural/heritage
Formal
Use occupies specified space/time – bookings/tickets
Playing fields, squash courts, theatres
B. Organized activities at natural/heritage site e.g. safaris, whitewater rafting, guided tours
Informal
User does not occupy specified space/time – maybe no booking/ tickets
C. Urban parks, trails, museums, galleries
D. Non-organized use of national parks, forests, beaches, rivers, historic building/sites
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

8. Capacity Contexts Concepts Factors affecting capacity
Types of capacity
Estimation of capacity
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

9. Capacity: 1. Contexts (Fig. 11.2)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

10. Capacity: contexts (cont’d)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

11. Capacity: contexts (cont’d)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

12. Capacity: 2. Concepts (Table 11.2)
Definition
General
1. Theoretical capacity
Level of use unconstrained by management
2. Operational capacity
Level of use under current constraints
3. Group size
No. of persons typically attending together
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

13. Capacity: concepts Concept Definition General 1. Theoretical capacity
Level of use unconstrained by management
2. Operational capacity
Level of use under current constraints
3. Group size
No. of persons typically attending together
Related to period of time
4. Session
Typical event – e.g. booking, game, performance
5. Person-session/visit
One person attending one session
6. Visitor hour
One person attending for one hour
7. Peak period use
No. of persons entering in a peak period
8. Beds/bed-nights
No. of persons accommodated in a tourist site for one night
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

14. Factors affecting capacity: physical (Table 11.3)
Definition
Size – natural
Physical size (no sport specifications applicable) – e.g. beach, river, lake
Size – design
Non-sport: area set aside for leisure – e.g. area of urban/national park
Sport: specifications – e.g. size of a court, number of players
Site design
Physical features which facilitate visitor use – e.g. shelter, traffic management
Infrastructure quality
Ability of infrastructure to stand wear and tear – e.g. quality of footpath surfaces
Sustainability of resource
Point at which significant/irreversible damage caused to the resource
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

15. Factors affecting capacity: regulation/management
Definition
Safety
Regulations relating to human safety – e.g. weight-bearing, fire exits, pool life-saving
Management
Effect of management practices on use levels – e.g. marketing, customer service, staffing, pricing, maintenance
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

16. Factors affecting capacity: user attitudes/behaviour
Definition
On-site user activity
Nature of leisure activity taking place – e.g. walking, use of motor vehicles
On-site user behaviour
Impact-creating practices – e.g. fire, domestic pets, noise
Social custom
Socially determined practices – e.g. seasonal nature of activities
User perception of crowding
Sense of crowding may limit use levels – e.g. at beaches, ski slopes: length of queues
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

17. Factors affecting capacity: neighbours
Definition
Neighbourhood impacts
Neighbouring land uses – e.g. noise, pollution, access
Facility impact on neighbours – e.g. noise, access
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

18. Capacity: 4. Types (Table 11.4)
Physical capacity
number of people who can fit into space available
Operational capacity
number of people who can be accommodated, subject to social, organizational, safety, etc., constraints
Economic capacity
level of uses that optimizes returns or keeps within budgetary limits
Social/psychological capacity
level of use that optimizes visitor enjoyment (in tourist resorts also considers resident impacts)
Ecological capacity
level of use that maintains ecological status at acceptable level
Tourism capacity
in multiple-facility destination: capacity limits of all the above
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

19. Psychological capacity example (Fig. 11.3)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

20. 5. Capacity estimation Formal facilities Informal facilities
purpose-built
natural/heritage
Tourism destinations
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

21. Capacity estimation: formal facilities: method (Table 10.5)
Time available (hrs/week)
Time utilized (%)
Length of session (hrs)
Group size (persons)
Capacity – in sessions/week (A x B/100)/C
Capacity – in person-sessions/week (E x D)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

22. Capacity estimation: formal facilities: examples (Table 11.5)D E F
Facility type
Time
hrs
Time %
Session length
Group size
Capacity: sessions/wk
Capacity: persons/wk
(A x B/100)/C
(E x D)
Grass playing field
Poor drainage, no lights 10
100%
2 hrs 30 5
150
Good drainage, no lights 28
50% 7
210
Good drainage, lights
80% 11
330
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

23. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built
The example of urban parks (Box 11.1)
A neglected topic
The myth of ‘under-used’ urban parks (Gold, 1972)
4 suggested approaches:
Personal/social space (Gedikli and Ozbilen, 2004)
Satisfaction and perceived crowding
Equity (with formal facilities)
Cost-benefit analysis – see Ch. 12
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

24. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 1
Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 1. Personal/social space (Gedliki and Ozbilen, Fig. 11.4)
Individual park user
Space required per person: 15.7 sq.m or 0.16 hectares per 100 visitors r
individual’s ‘social area’ radius
x group ‘social privacy limit’ r r x r r r r
Two groups
A group of 4 individuals
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25. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 2
Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 2. Satisfaction/perceived crowding (using Fig. 11.3)
Capacity
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

26. Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park: 3. Equity
Base informal park/open space requirements on the principle of equity with formal provision:
e.g. if space for formal sport activity accommodates 200 visits per hectare per week, then 1 hectare should be provided for every 200 informal urban park visits.
Capacity estimation: informal: purpose-built: urban park:
4. Cost-benefit analysis
Provide facilities up to the point that benefits no longer exceed costs – see Chapter 14
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

27. Capacity estimation: informal: natural/heritage
Includes:
multiple use outdoor areas, e.g. forests
protected areas, e.g. national parks, wilderness
beaches and lakes
historic sites
Often managed/planned by a specialist agency, e.g. National Parks or Forest Service
Balancing competing interests/values
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

28. Residential/ industrial/ infrastructure development
Capacity estimation: informal: natural/heritage: ‘recreational carrying capacity’: context: balancing competing interests (Fig. 11.5)
Conservation values
Agriculture
Resource
Leisure demands
Mining/ quarrying
Residential/ industrial/ infrastructure development
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

29. Capacity estimation: informal: natural/heritage: leisure activities
Highly specialized activities:
e.g. fishing, water sports, skiing, bird watching: each case unique
Walkers:
including long-distance with camping: impacts depend on numbers
Sightseers:
typically confined to defined areas, with car parking, etc. (+ picnicking): existing capacity related to car parking spaces, but number of sites and scale present the challenge
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

30. Capacity estimation: informal: tourism destination
Context:
multiple attractions, public and private
infrastructure (hospitality, transport, water/sewerage, etc.)
each with their own current short-term and long-term capacities
Example of Venice (Box 11.2)
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

31. Capacity estimation: informal: tourism destination: Venice: Canestelli and Costa (1991)
Constraints on visit numbers:
hotel beds
non-hotel beds
lunches (restaurant capacity)
car parking
water transport (from car parks to city)
solid waste
St Mark’s Basilica (main attraction)
spend per day
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

32. Table 11.7: Tourism capacity constraints in Venice
Max.
Operational %
No.
Hotel beds
11,000 80
9000
Non-hotel beds
4000 40
Lunches
40,000
62.5
25,000
Car-parking (persons)
30,000 50
15,000
Water transport (trips) 75
Solid waste (kg)
60,000
St Mark’s (visits)
66.7
10,000
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

33. Table 11.7: Tourism capacity constraints in Venice
Consumption impact
Max.
Operational
Per visitor per day %
No. TH
TNH DT
Hotel beds
11,000 80
9000
1.0
Non-hotel beds
4000 40
Lunches
40,000
62.5
25,000
0.75
0.5
Car parking (persons)
30,000 50
15,000
0.33
Water transport (trips) 75
2.0
Solid waste (kg)
60,000
2.3
1.5
St Mark’s (visits)
66.7
10,000
0.4
0.3
0.7
Spend per day
(lira, 1984 prices) -
221.0
85.4
149.0
TH = tourists staying in hotel
NTH = tourists staying in non-hotel accommodation
DT = day-trippers
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

34. Table 11.7: Tourism capacity constraints in Venice
Consumption impact
Optimal
Max.
Operational
Per visitor per day %
No. TH
TNH DT
Total
Hotel beds
11,000 80
9000
1.0
9780
Non-hotel beds
4000 40
1460
Lunches
40,000
62.5
25,000
0.75
0.5
10,875
Car parking (persons)
30,000 50
15,000
0.33
3709
Water transport (trips) 75
2.0
11,240
Solid waste (kg)
60,000
2.3
1.5
25,414
St Mark’s (visits)
66.7
10,000
0.4
0.3
0.7
4350
Spend per day (lira, 1984) -
221.0
85.4
149.0
Optimum solution
Visitors (no.)
10,857
22,097
Total expenditure (lira)
2,286,064
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

35. Capacity estimation: informal: tourism destination: Sydney
From 2002 New South Wales Tourism Masterplan:
visitors expected in 2020 in Sydney CBD: 220,000 per day
= 30% increase on 2001
700,000 Sydneysiders (commuters, shoppers, residents)
implications: additional:
passengers through Sydney airport
hotel and other accommodation
transport and police
protection measures for environmental/social attractions
spread of visitor attractions/experiences
spread of visitors beyond CBD, incl. western Sydney
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts