1. TENSE By
Dr. S. K. Mishra

2. What is Tense?
Tense shows time of an action. It’s degree of completeness.
Example :-
They appear at examination.
They appeared at examination.
They will appear at examination

3. How many kinds of tense are there?
There are three kinds of tense
Present tense
Past tense
Future tense

4. PRESENT TENSE

5. What is present tense? Present Tense denotes action in the present time. Or Present tense shows action in the present time. For Example :- She cooks meal. John teaches English Grammar. In the above sentences cooking and teaching are done in present time.

6. How many kinds of present tense are there?
There are four kinds of Present tense.
1 PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
3 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
4 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

7. PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

8. What is Present Simple Tense?
Present simple tense denotes action simply without saying about completeness or incompleteness of the action. It denotes universal truth, habitual truth, poetic truth, scientific truth, habit and reality

9. Examples :-
He plays cricket.
The Earth moves round the sun.
The Sun rises in the east.
God helps those who help themselves.

10. How to form Present Simple Tense?
Subject + FV1 + object.
EXAMPLE :-
She loves her country.
They speak English.

11. Use of S or ES or Where to use S or ES
If subject is third person singular noun (India, Ram, Delhi,) or third person singular pronoun (he, she, it, this, that e.t.c) s or es is used at the end of the verb and change verb into singular form.

12. Examples :-
India wins the match.
He respects his teacher.
She sings a song.

13. NOTE
Verb must be according to number and person of subject.
1. Singular subject is followed by singular verb.
John stands first position in his class.
It barks at stranger.
2. Plural subject is followed by plural verb.
Japan and France help each other.
They learn Grammar.

14. NEGATIVE SENTENCE
How to form negative sentence of Present simple tense?
Subject + AV (do/does) +not+FV1+object.
India does not win the match.
She does take lunch.

15. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
First starts with AV (auxiliary verb) do, does.
Second starts with IP (interrogative Pronoun) which, when, how ,Where, why, who etc.

16. 1 How to form interrogative sentence with auxiliary verbs?
AV (does, do) + subject+FFV1+object?
Does Ram play cricket?
Does she learn English?
Do they help poor?

17. 2 How to form interrogative sentence with interrogative pronoun?
IP(which, how, where, why, when etc)+AV(do, does)+subject+FV1+object?
Why does Ram play cricket?
Where do they learn English?

18. Interrogative Negative sentence
Why does Ram not play cricket?

19. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

20. What is Present continuous tense?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE denotes action going on in the present time. OR
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE denotes imperfection or incompleteness of an action In the present time

21. Examples :-
U.S.A. is helping Pakistan.
She is running business.

22. How to form present continuous tense?
Subject+ AV (is, are, am)+FV4+object.
For Example :-
The prime minister is distributing prize

23. Use of ( IS/ ARE/AM)
IS :- For third person singular noun(Delhi, Haryana, Mohan etc)and third person singular.
Pronoun (he / she /it /this /that e.t.c).
Haryana is developing rapidly.
Mohan is taking tea.
She is serving her mother.

24. USE OF ARE
Are is used for third person plural noun(Delhi & Mumbai, Ram & Mohan) , Third person plural pronoun (they, these, those,) , second person plural and singular Pronoun “You” and first person plural pronoun “We”.
Example :-
Ram & Mohan are speaking English.
These students are preparing for examination.
You are serving the country.
We are going on leave.

25. Use of AM Am is used for first person singular pronoun. Example :-
I am respecting my constitution.

26. How to form negative sentence?
Subject +AV (is/are/am) +not+ fv4+ object.
Example :-
He is not doing hard work.

27. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV (auxiliary verb).
Second starts with IP (interrogative pronoun).

28. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV (is/ are/ am) + subject + FV4 + object.
Example :-
Are they helping their neighbour?
Is he loving his country?

29. How to form interrogative sentence with interrogative pronoun (IP)?
IP (How/when/where/) +AV (is/are/am) +subject+fv4+object?
Example :-
How is Ram playing cricket?
When is Ram going to America?

30. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

31. What is present perfect tense?
Present perfect tense denotes perfection of an action or completeness of an action in the present time.
Example :-
I have taken lunch.
She has done her home work.

32. How to form Present perfect tense?
Subject + AV (has/have) + fv3 + object.
Example :-
He has done his homework.

33. Use of Has and Have
Has is used for third person singular noun Ram, Delhi , India and third person singular pronoun he, she, it, this, that e.t.c
Example :-
Ram has won the match.
He has solved his problem
She has stood first in the class.

34. 2. Have is used for third person plural noun Mohan and Johan , India and Pakistan ,third person plural pronoun they, these, those Second person singular and plural pronoun “You” and first person singular pronoun “I” and first person plural Pronoun “We”.

35. Example :-
India and Pakistan have settled mutual dispute.
They have taken lunch.
You have returned from London.
I have written a letter.
We have organised the meeting.

36. How to form negative sentence?
Subject +AV (has, have)+not+FV3+object.
Example :-
The principal has not supervised the class.

37. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV (has/have).
Second starts with IP(which/what/ how/ where/ when/why etc).

38. How to form sentence with AV.
AV (has/ have) + Subject + FV3 + object?
Has Ram taken medicine?
Have we appeared at examination?

39. How to form interrogative sentence with IP (Interrogative Pronoun)?
IP (WHICH/WHAT/HOW/WHEN/WHERE/WHY ETC) +AV (has/have) + subject+FV3+object?
Example :-
Why has he gone to America?
When has he returned from bank?

40. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

41. What is present perfect continuous tense?
Work started in past continues in present is called present perfect continuous tense.
Example :-
She has been serving his country for many years.
India has been helping Pakistan since1948.

42. How to form present perfect continuous tense?
Subject+(has/have)+been+FV4(fv1+ing)+ object +for/since.
Example :-
She has been serving her parents since January.

43. Use of has been and have been.
Has been—singular
Have been—plural

44. 1. Has been is used for third person singular noun Delhi/India/John e
1. Has been is used for third person singular noun Delhi/India/John e.t.c, third person singular pronoun he, she, it, this, that e.t.c.
Example :-
Delhi has won the match.
John has done his home .

45. 2. Have been is used for third person plural noun John and Jack, England and America, third person plural pronoun, they,these,those, second person plural pronoun you ,first person singular pronoun I and first person plural pronoun we.

46. Example :- John and Jack have been appearing at examination.
They have been doing their homework since Monday.
We have been running business for five years.
You have been respecting your teacher since childhood.

47. How to form negative sentence?
Subject+AV(has/have)+not+been+FV4+object+f or/since + e.t.c.
Example :-
He has not been smoking since Friday.

48. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV.
Second starts with IP.

49. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV(has/have)+subject+been+FV4+object+for/si nce + e.t.c
Example :-
Has dog been barking since morning?

50. How to form interrogative sentence with IP(INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN)?
IP(which/what/how/when etc)+AV(has/have) +subject +been+FV4+object +for/since+ e.t.c?
Example :-
Where has Ram been playing cricket since morning?

51. PAST TENSE

52. What is past tense?
Past tense denotes or shows action in the past time.
Example :-
He wrote a letter.
She did her class work.

53. How many kinds of past tense are there?
There are four kinds of past tense.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

54. PAST SIMPLE TENSE

55. What is past simple tense?
Past Simple Tense denotes completeness of an action in the Past time.
Example :-
He went to America.
She helped the poor.

56. How to form past simple tense?
Subject +FV2+object.
Example :-
He appeared at examination yesterday.

57. How to form negative sentence?
Subject+AV (did)+not+FV1 +object.
Example :-
He did not sing a song.

58. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV(auxiliary verb).
Second starts with interrogative pronoun.

59. How to form interrogative sentence with AV(did)?
AV(did)+subject+FV1+object?
Example :-
Did he sing a song?

60. How to form interrogative sentence with IP(interrogative pronoun)?
IP(which/ what/ when/where/how/why
etc)+AV(did)+subject+FV1+ object?
Example :-
How did he sing a song?
When did he play cricket?

61. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

62. What is past continuous tense?
Past continuous tense denotes action going on in the past time.
Example
He was reading English newspaper.
She was teaching grammar.

63. How to form past continuous tense?
Subject+ AV(Was/were)+FV4+object.
Example :-
The principal was supervising the class.

64. USE OF WAS/WERE

65. WAS
WAS — IS SINGULAR
WAS is used for third person singular noun Ram, India, Delhi, e.t.c Third person singular pronoun he, she, it, this, that, first person singular pronoun “I”.

66. Example :-
He was running business.
She was helping her.
It was barking at night.

67. WERE
WERE—IS PLURAL
WERE—is used for third person plural noun John and Jack, Japan and Germany, Third person plural pronoun they, these, those e.t.c Second person plural pronoun “you” and first person plural pronoun “we”.

68. Example :-
They were speaking English.
We were appearing at examination.
You were serving your country.

69. How to form negative sentence?
Subject + AV(was/were)+not+ FV4+object.
Example:-
They were not serving their country.

70. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV.
Second starts with IP.

71. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV(was, were)+subject+FV4+Object?
Example :-
Was Ram playing cricket?.

72. How to form interrogative sentence with IP?
IP+AV(was/were)+subject+FV4+object?

73. PAST PERFECT TENSE

74. WHAT IS PAST PERFECT TENSE?
PAST PERFECT TENSE denotes perfection of an action in the past time. Or When two actions are done in past tense , action done earlier should be written in past perfect and action done later should be written in past simple.

75. Example :-
The train had departed before I reached the station.
The patient had died before the doctor came.

76. How to form past perfect tense?
Subject + AV (had)+FV3+object.
Example :-
He had done his homework.

77. Use of HAD
Had is used for all subjects whether subject is singular or plural, whether subject is third person singular or plural ,second person singular or plural and first person singular or plural.

78. Example :-
He had died before the doctor came.
I had departed before my friend came.

79. How to form negative sentence?
Subject+AV(had)+not+fv3 + object.
Example :-
He had not done his homework.

80. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV.
Second starts with IP.

81. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV (had)+subject+FV3 + object?
Example :-
Had she not taken tea?

82. How to form interrogative sentence with IP?
IP(which, what, when, where, how, why etc)+AV(had)+subject+FV3+object?
Example :-
Why had he not taken tea?

83. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

84. What is Past Perfect continuous tense?
Work started in past continued in past is called past perfect continuous tense.
Example :-
Mr Prasad had been running business for many years.

85. How to form past perfect continuous tense?
Subject+AV(had)+been+fv4+object+for/since+e .t.c.
Example :-
Tom had been loving his country for many years.

86. Use of had been.
Had been is used for all subject whether subject is singular or plural, whether subject is third person or second person.
Example :-
He had been singing a song for ten years.
You had been running your family since 2000

87. How to form negative sentence?
Subject + AV(had)+not+been+FV4+object+ for/since +e.t.c.
Example :-
We had not been running business since Monday.

88. How to form interrogative sentence ?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
Example :-
First starts with AV.
Second starts with IP.

89. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV(had)+ subject +been+FV4+object+for/since +etc?
Example :-
Had he been running business for ten years?

90. How to form interrogative sentence with IP?
IP ( which, what, how, when, why etc) + AV(had) + subject+ been + FV4 + object + for/since + e.t.c
Example :-
How had he been singing a song for ten years?

91. FUTURE TENSE

92. What is future tense?
Future tense denotes action in the time which is to come.
Example :-
He will play.
She will sing.

93. KINDS OF FUTURE TENSE How many kinds of future tense are there?
There are four kinds of future tense.
Future simple tense
Future continuous tense
Future perfect tense
Future perfect continuous tense

94. FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

95. What is future simple tense?
Future simple tense denotes uncertainty or incompleteness of an action in the present time.
Example :-
They will do their home work.

96. How to form future simple tense?
Subject + AV(will/shall) +FV1 + object.
Example :-
She will help her neighbour.

97. USE OF SHALL AND WILL

98. SHALL Shall is used for first person singular pronoun
I and first person plural pronoun “WE”.
Example :-
I shall go.
We shall sing.

99. NOTE: -
In case of certainty or promise shall is changed into “Will”.
Example :-
I will celebrate your birthday at any cost.
We will go to America tomorrow whether I am healthy Or not

100. WILL
USE OF WILL
Will is used for third person singular noun John, Jack, Tom e.t.c
Third person singular pronoun he, she, it, this, that e.t.c

101. WILL Third person plural noun John and Jack. Delhi and Chennai.
Third person plural pronoun they, these, those.
Second person singular and plural pronoun you.

102. Example :-
She will write a letter.
They will turn on radio.

103. NOTE :-
In case of certainty or promise WILL is changed into Shall.
EXAMPLE :-
He shall go on school trip whether he is healthy or Unhealthy.

104. How to form negative sentence?
Subject +AV(shall/will)+not +fv1+object.
Example :-
They will not learn English.

105. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV(shall /will).
Second starts with IP(which, why, how, when etc).

106. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV(shall/will)+subject+FV1+object?
Example :-
Will he go there?

107. How to form interrogative sentence with IP?
IP(why, how, when, where,etc)+AV(shall/will)+ subject+ FV1+ object?
Example :-
Why will he go there?

108. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
What is Future continuous tense?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE denotes action going on in the time which is to come.
Example :-
She will be reading English.

109. How to form future continuous tense?
Subject + AV (shall/will) + be+ FV4 + object.
Example :-
He will be doing his homework.

110. How to form negative sentence?
Subject + AV (shall/ will) + not +be + FV4 +object.
Example :-
He will not be doing his homework.

111. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV(shall/will).
Second starts with IP(who, why, how, when, where, e.t.c).

112. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV(shall/will) + +subject +be + FV4 +object?
Example :-
Will Ram be playing cricket?

113. How to form interrogative sentence with IP?
IP(which, what, when, where, why, how, etc)+AV(shall/will)+ subject + be+FV4+ object?
Example :-
When will Ram be playing cricket?

114. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

115. What is future perfect tense?
Future perfect tense denotes perfection or completeness of an action in the time which is to come.
Example :-
She will have learnt English.

116. How to form future perfect tense?
Subject + AV(will have/shall have) + FV3 + object.
Example :-
He will have done his homework.
NOTE :-
After shall/will only have is used.

117. How to form negative sentence?
Subject +AV (shall/will)+not have +FV3 +object.
Example :-
He will not have done his home work.

118. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV( shall/ will).
Second starts with IP.

119. How to form interrogative sentence with AV?
AV(shall/will)+subject+have+fv3+object?
Example :-
Will he have done his home work?

120. How to form interrogative sentence with IP?
IP(which, what, why, how, when, where etc)+AV(Shall/will) + subject + have + FV3 + object?
Example :-
When will he have done his home work?

121. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

122. What is FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS?
Work started in future continues in future is
Called Future perfect continuous tense.
Example :-
He will have been playing cricket from Monday.

123. How to form future perfect continuous tense?
Subject+ AV (shall have/will have)+ been+ FV4 Object + for/from+e.t.c
Example :-
He will have been helping his friend from tomorrow.

124. How to form negative sentence?
Subject + AV (shall /will) not +have been+FV4+object For/from + e.t.c.
Example :-
He will not have been playing cricket from Monday.

125. How to form interrogative sentence?
There are two kinds of interrogative sentence.
One starts with AV.
Second starts with IP

126. Examples :-
Will he have been playing cricket from Monday?
Where will he have been playing cricket from Monday?

127. EXERCISE-01 The earth _________ round the sun. (move, moves, moved)
My friends___________ the Prime Minister Yesterday. (see, have see, saw)
I ___________ him only one letter up to now. (send, have sent, shall send)

128. EXERCISE-01
I shall telephone you when he _________ back. (comes, will come, came)
It started to rain while we _________ tennis. (are playing, were playing, had played)
Can I have some milk before I _______ to bed? (go, am going, shall go)

129. EXERCISE-01
He _______ asleep while he was driving. (falls, fell, has fallen)
I’m sure I_________ him at the party last night. (saw, have seen, had seen)
He __________ a mill in this town. (have, has, is having )

130. EXERCISE-01
He __________ here for the last five years. (worked, is working, has been working)
He thanked me for what I _________. (have done, had done, have been doing)
I ____________ a strange noise. (hear, am hearing, have been hearing)

131. EXERCISE-01
I _____________ Him for a long time. (know, have known, am knowing)
We ___________ English for five years. (study, am studying, have been studying)
Don’t disturb me. I __________ my homework. (do, did, am doing)

132. EXERCISE-01
Abdul _________ to be a doctor. (wants, wanting, is wanting)
I ___________forty next birthday. (am, shall be, have been)
If you _______ at once, you will arrive by six o’clock. (start, started, will start)

133. EXERCISE-01
He __________ out five minutes ago. (has gone, had gone, went)
When he lived in Hyderabad, he ________ to the cinema once a week. (goes, went, was going)
The baby _____ all morning. (cries, has been crying)
She _________ in the concert tomorrow evening. (is playing, has played, has been playing)

134. EXERCISE-01
I _________ Kumar this week. (haven’t seen, didn’t see, am not seeing)
This paper _________ twice weekly. (is appearing, appearing, appears)
By this time next year Prakash__________ his University degree, (takes,will take, will have taken)

135.   EXERCISE – 02
The Headmaster_______ to speak to you. (wants, is wanting, was wanting)
I ______ a New bicycle last week. (bought, have bought, had bought)
Here are your shoes; I _______them. (just clean, just cleaned, have just cleaned)

136.   EXERCISE – 02
It _______Since early morning, (rained, is raining, has been raining)
I ________ a lot of work today. (did, have done, had done)
I _________ something burning. (smell, am smelling, have been smelling)
He will explain it to you when he ________ back. (comes, will come, came)

137.   EXERCISE – 02
She _______ unconscious since four o’clock. (is, was, has been)
He used to visit us every week, but he _______ now. (rarely comes, is rarely coming, has rarely come)
If he _____ of your marriage, he will be surprised. (hears, will hear, heard)

138.   EXERCISE – 02
Every day last week my aunt _________ a plate. (breaks, broke, was breaking)
I know all about that film because I _______it twice. (was, have seen, has seen)
My uncle_________tomorrow. (arrives, will have been arriving)
I _______ him since we met a year ago. (didn’t see, haven’t seen, hadn’t seen)

139.   EXERCISE – 02
We ________our breakfast half an hour ago. (finished, have finished, had finished)
She jumped off the bus while it _____.(moved, had moved, was moving)
When we went to the cinema, the film_________(already started, had already started, would already star)

140.   EXERCISE – 02
When I pay him tomorrow, he________ everything I owe him.(has received, has been receiving, will have received)
Did you think you________ me somewhere before? (have seen, had seen, were seeing)
The town_____ its appearance completely since (is changing, changed, has changed)

141.   EXERCISE – 02
When I get home my dog _______ at the door waiting for me. (sits, will be sitting, has been sitting)
We can’t have a fire here until we _____ the chimney. (sweep, shall sweep, shall be sweeping)
I meant to repair the radio, but _____ time to do it today. (am not having, haven’t had, hadn’t)

142.   EXERCISE – 02
The train _________before we reach the station. (left, has left, will have left)
Men__________ to abolish wars up to now, but may be they will find a way in the future.(never managed, have never managed, will have never managed)

143. EXERCISE – 03 The sun (rise) in the east.
Most buses (not run) on time.
She (come) here yesterday.
Tom (buy) a new pen next week.
The earth (move) round the sun.

144. EXERCISE – 03 Hard work (Bring) success. The meeting (Just begin).
Patna (Stand) on the bank of the Ganga.
Most Indians (not speak) English.
My brother (be) ten last Monday.

145. EXERCISE – 03 Shakespeare (live) from 1564 to 1616.
Mukul (go) to school last month.
I read a news paper now.
Oil (float) on water.
Death (come) to every man.

146. EXERCISE – 03 They (live) here since May.
We (have) a letter last week.
They (not go) to school tomorrow.
When you last (see) your brother.
Water (freeze) at 0 degree centigrade.

147. EXERCISE – 04
FILL UP THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLE FORMS OF THE VERBS GIVEN IN THE BRACKETS
Keep quiet, we ( listen) to the radio.
I am fond of (play ) tennis.
I have been (read) hard.

148. EXERCISE – 04 Sita has just (go) out. Ram (go) to Ranchi yesterday.
He (tear) the letter a minute ago.
I have (sit) long here.
The man was (bite) by a dog.
He has (take) my pen.

149. EXERCISE – 04 He (hide) himself in a bush. He (come) here last night.
Have you (see) him.
The dog is (bark) at me.
I have (get) a prize
He (go) Kashmir last year.

150. EXERCISE – 04 She habitually (come) late. I (see) this film yesterday.
Peter (buy) a car next year.
I (finish)this work just now.
He usually (write) in ink.

151. EXERCISE – 05 I (go) to college yesterday. I wish I (be) a film actor.
He (sing) here last night.
I (go) to Delhi tomorrow.

152. EXERCISE – 05 It (rain) for three hours. Have you (see ) that.
I ( meet) him on Monday last.
This boy never (see) the sea
He ( go) to Patna last week.

153. EXERCISE – 05 He (die) last year. Mohan (go) to school daily
I ( meet ) him Yesterday.
They ( come) here a month ago.

154. EXERCISE – 05 He (come) tomorrow He (go) to the cinema everyday.
I (know) him since 1961.
He (sing) for ten years.