1. Topic 13- The Industrial Revolution
Essential Question- How do science and technology affect society?

2. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic and technological change in 18th and 19th century Great Britain.
Change from simple hand tools/human and animal power to complex machines/steam power
The Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain because of their abundance of natural resources (coal, tin, etc.) and natural waterways

3. Causes of Industrialization
New Agricultural Revolution improves quality and quantity of farm products
Enclosure- consolidating farm lands
Availability of natural resources- coal for fuel, iron for machinery, etc.
Capital/Entrepreneurs willing to start new enterprises
Technological inventions and energy
Steam Engine- powered machines without needing to be next to a moving water source
Flying Shuttle- weaving could happen at a faster pace
Spinning Jenny- quickly produces thread
Eventually factories have to be built to house these massive machines
Capital- surplus money that can be used to invest in new businesses or technologies

4. Effects of Industrialization
Urbanization
New Social Classes
New Economic Systems
Child Labor
Poor Working Conditions
Low Wages

5. The Growth of Cities
Changes in agriculture, population increases, and increasing demand for workers result in droves of people migrating from farms to cities

6. Urbanization
As farmers were driven off their land due to enclosure, they moved to cities to find jobs.
Factories were located in cities because they were a reliable source of cheap labor
Businesses need infrastructure (docks, roads, trains, mail, water lines, electricity, sanitation) and cities were often the first to have them
There were some problems with urbanization- terrible living conditions, poor working conditions as workers become disposable
Urbanization-the growth of cities; includes the migration of people to cities

7. Poor Working Conditions
Long work days- 14+ hours, 6 days a week
Terrible wages- as little as $.25/day
Dirty, poorly lit factories
Dangerous machinery with little safety guidance and no oversight
Child labor

8. New Social Classes
Industrialization led to the growth and fracture of the Middle Class
Upper Middle Class- new jobs and positions (doctors, lawyers, factory owners, etc)
Lower Middle Class- skilled workers (craftsmen/artisans, printers, etc)
Despite the growth of the Middle Class, the majority of workers were still poor unskilled laborers who saw little improvement in their working or living conditions

9. Positive Effects of Industrialization
Social Mobility- the ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale
As working conditions and wages improved, the standard of living rose for workers- they could buy things that previously only the wealthy could afford, ate more varied diets, wore inexpensive and mass-produced clothing, etc.
New opportunities for social mobility, which then led greater political rights for the developing middle class
New businesses and products that changed how people lived

10. Means of Production- resources: machines, factories, etc.
New Economic Ideas
The Industrial Revolution also saw a shift from traditional economies that were based on bartering/trade to money-based exchanges
Two primary competing theories developed:
Communism
Capitalism
The primary difference in these systems has to do with means of production
Means of Production- resources: machines, factories, etc.

11. Capitalism
Capitalism- an economic system where the means of production/industry are owned by private citizens with the goal of making a profit
Adam Smith is considered the “Father of Capitalism”
Smith believed in a free market system where supply and demand will run the market
Laissez Faire- Government keeps its HANDS OFF the economy
However, these systems allow business to exploit workers because they place profit above all else
Eventually, the workers unite in unions  Reform or Progressive Era

12. Communism
Communism- an economic and political system where the means of production/industry are owned by the people with the goal of profits being equally divided amongst a classless society
Karl Marx is considered the “Father of Communism”
Marx believed that industrialization would be the downfall of society because it made workers disposable while the bosses became incredibly wealthy
A Communist society has no social classes because everyone is equal and all wealth and property is shared by the community as a whole
The theory of Communism is that all property is shared by an equal, classless society.
In practice, the government has control over all property and makes all production decisions.

13. The Communist Manifesto
Marx and Friedrich Engles write The Communist Manifesto in response to the terrible conditions of the Industrial Revolution
Marx and Engles argue that all history is a class struggle between “haves” and “have-nots”
The Industrial Revolution only made this struggle more bitter
The Proletariat (workers) will eventually rise up in rebellion against the Bourgeoisie (bosses)
The proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a classless society
All comrades (men and women) will be equal and all means of production will be owned by the people

14. You have two cows...

15. Thomas Malthus
Wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
Believed that poverty was inevitable because the growing population would outgrow the food supply
“Famine seems to be the last, the most dreadful resource of nature. The power of population is so superior to the power in the earth to provide subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race…”
War, famine and disease served to check human population growth
As long as the population kept increasing, the poor would suffer
Was he right?
No- although the population did continue to grow, the food supply grew even faster.

16. David Ricardo High wages to appeal to the few available workers
Families have more children
Children flood the labor force
Developed the “Iron Law of Wages”
Believed the poor had too many children
When families had more children, those children increase the labor supply, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment

17. Review
Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop
A democratic government
A rigid class structure
A strong religious foundation
An adequate food supply

18. Review
Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society?
Dependence on subsistence agriculture
Creation of a one-crop economy
Availability of investment capital
Capture of foreign lands

19. Review
According to the theories of Karl Marx, history can be viewed as a
succession of famines that result in the destruction of civilizations
continuous struggle between economic classes
listing of the accomplishments of the ruling classes
repeating cycle of imperialism and colonialism

20. Review A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the
concentration of workers in urban areas
increased desire of the wealthy class to share its power
formation of powerful craft guilds
control of agricultural production by governments