1. Unit 7: Military Conflict
Lesson 7._: The American Revolution Part 1

2. Essential Question
How did the military conflicts that arose during the American Revolution help to change the relationship between the British and Americans?

3. Focus What do you already know about the American Revolution?
How did we win? 3 2 1

4. Key Vocabulary Tory What is a “Tory?” Definition Example/Impact
Create a test question.

5. Opposing Sides American British “…long…and bloody war.”
Lacked a regular army and strong navy.
Lacked military experience. Weapons and ammunition were in short supply.
Most soldiers were volunteers and fought for a short period of time.
Population: 2.5 million.
Predicted a short war.
Strongest navy in the world.
Experienced, well-trained army.
Soldiers made the military a career.
Population: 8 million.

6. Assessment Prompt 1
British
American

7. An American Struggle
Not all Americans supported the fight for independence.
Some were neutral (did not choose a side).
For example, the Quakers would not participate in war because they did not believe in armed war.
Others remained loyal to England.

8. Loyalists or Tories
Loyalists, or Tories, remained loyal to Britain and opposed the War for Independence.
About 1 in 4 Americans was a Loyalist.
Some changed sides during the war depending on which army was winning.
Most Loyalists were from the Carolinas and Georgia.
Few Loyalists were in New England.

9. Why were they Loyalists?
They were members of the Anglican Church.
Jobs.
Fear of consequences.
They did not understand what the big deal was about gaining independence.

10. Treatment of Loyalists
Every state had Loyalists.
Some fought with the British as well as spying on the Patriots.
Many fled America to England, Florida, or beyond the Appalachian Mountains to Canada.
Those who remained faced difficult times.
They could be arrested for treason.
A few were even executed.

11. Assessment Prompt 2
Five words: Tory/Loyalist

12. Patriot Advantages Patriots British Problems
Fighting on their own land.
More at stake than British soldiers and Hessians.
Freedom of their land vs. money.
George Washington.
Courage, honesty, and determination.
Fighting in a faraway land.
Forced to ship soldiers and supplies thousands of miles.
Relied on mercenaries, hired soldiers.
Called Hessians after a region in Germany where most of them came from.

13. Assessment Prompt 3
Summarize the advantages of the Patriots in one sentence.

14. Raising an Army Continental Army Militia Each state had their own.
Established by the Continental Congress.
Difficulty raising money and enlisting soldiers.
Relied on states to recruit soldiers.
At first, one year military service when enlisting.
Washington said he needed more commitment.
Enlistments offered for three years or length of the war.
Most soldiers still only signed up for a year.
Each state had their own.
Locals who were not trained.
Only would fight within their own state.
Fought for the special interests of their state.

15. African Americans in the Revolution
The British offered enslaved people freedom if they would fight for them.
Many ended up free men in Canada and Sierra Leone.
Washington asked Congress to allow African Americans to enlist because of the desperate need for troops.
Southern states protested with fear of slaves with guns and possible revolts.

16. Some states ignored the ban.
Rhode Island had an all-African American regiment by 1778.
South Carolina was the only state not to enlist African Americans.
There were about 5000 African American Patriots.
They fought for the same reason as other Americans.
Some were runaway slaves, while others fought for their freedom.

17. Assessment Prompt 4
Create a test question about African Americans during the American Revolution.

18. Trenton and Princeton
British army settled in New York for winter of 1776 with some troops in New Jersey.
Wars usually paused for the winter, so British did not expect to fight.
Washington saw the British across Delaware River and decided he could catch them off guard.
Christmas 1776: Washington crossed the Delaware River at night and surprised British at Trenton, NJ.

19. Battle of Trenton

20. Americans captured more than 900 Hessians.
British sent Lord Charles Cornwallis with reinforcements, but Washington led his troops away.
Washington then marched towards Princeton, NJ and drove away British.
Changed mindset of American Patriots to having hope again.

21. Assessment Prompt 4: Trenton & Princeton

22. The Crossing 3 2 1
What did you learn about the Battle of Trenton from the video that you did not know?
What did you like/dislike about the video?
Would you recommend the video for a USH class that is learning about the difficulties in fighting the American Revolutionary War?

23. Journal, Part 1
In your own words summarize what you have learned today.
In fighting a war, what were advantages/disadvantages for both the British and Americans?
Why did some colonists remain loyal to the British?
What role did African Americans play during the Revolution?
How was Washington able to achieve victory during the Battle of Trenton?
What is the significance of Washington’s victory at Trenton?

24. Focus
In fighting a war, what were advantages/disadvantages for both the British and Americans?
Why did some colonists remain loyal to the British?
What role did African Americans play during the Revolution?
What state had an all African American Regiment? Which state refused to enlist African Americans?
Why did Washington decide to take the risk and attack the Hessians at Trenton?
How was Washington able to achieve victory during the Battle of Trenton?

25. What do you think the “Battle of Saratoga” is?
Key Vocabulary
Battle of Saratoga
What do you think the “Battle of Saratoga” is?
Definition.
Examples/Impact.
Create a test question.

26. The British Plan for Victory
1777
To control Albany, NY and control Hudson River (would separate NE and Middle colonies)
Three sets of troops would meet in Albany and destroy the Patriot troops

27. Who would attack and from where?
General John Burgoyne with 8,000 troops from Canada
Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger from Lake Ontario
General William Howe from New York City

28. Assessment Prompt 1
Summarize the British Plan for victory in one sentence.

29. What happened to the British plan?
General Howe planned to take Philadelphia before going to Albany
September 1777, Howe’s troops won 2 battles near Philly and captured the capital
Forced Continental Congress to flee
After being attacked by Washington , Howe decided to postpone his move to Albany and spend winter in Philadelphia

30. St. Leger’s advance was stopped by American forces, led by Benedict Arnold, at Fort Stanwix, NY, forcing British troops to retreat

31. Burgoyne, who loved good food and fine clothes, was known for traveling with luxury goods
Because of his 30 wagons of luxury, his army moved slowly through dense forests
Americans blocked path by chopping down trees

32. Burgoyne’s troops need food and supplies
Sent 800 troops and Native Americans to capture American supplies at Bennington, Vermont
British troops’ uniforms made them easy targets in woods, and were attacked by the Green Mountain Boys
Losing troops and being short on supplies caused Burgoyne to retreat to Saratoga in NY

33. Assessment Prompt 2
Write a quick note to your buddy about what happened to the British plans to take Albany, NY.

34. Green Mountain Boys

35. Battle of Saratoga
Burgoyne expected to be joined by other British forces at Saratoga, but they weren’t there
General Horatio Gates and American troops blocked his path south
Burgoyne was surrounded by American army 3 times the size of his own
Made a desperate attack on October 7, but Americans remained strong w0

36. Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, 1777
5,700 British soldiers hand over their weapons as a band played “Yankee Doodle”
Plan to separate NE from Middle Colonies had failed
Soon afterward, General Howe resigned from commander of troops in America and replaced by General Henry Clinton

37. America Gains Allies
Victory at Saratoga, not only boosted American spirits, but also caused European nations to realize America had a chance
Ben Franklin had been in France for over a year by end of trying to gain friends and assistance
France gave US money secretly, but did not commit to an alliance

38. France Becomes an Ally News of Saratoga arrived to Paris in early 1778
French and Americans made trade agreement and alliance in February 1778
France declared war on England and sent money, equipment, and troops to help American cause
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39. Assessment Prompt 3: Battle of Saratoga

40. Valley Forge http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtb9W3mPVtE
20 miles west of Philadelphia, where British set up camp for winter 1777
Word had not arrived of French-American alliance
Conditions horrible for Americans
Many men deserted the Continental Army
Troops somehow survived the harsh winter
April 1778, word of alliance was shared and new soldiers joined

41. Assessment Prompt 4: Valley Forge
5 words

42. Marquis de Lafayette French nobleman who spent winter at Valley Forge
Declaration of Independence made him want to buy a boat and sail to America to join the cause
Offered his services and those of his followers to Washington
Became a trusted aide to Washington

43. Friedrich von Steuben Former army officer from Germany
Drilled American troops at Valley forge, teaching them military discipline
Turned Continental Army into a more effective fighting force
His methods are still used today in drills for the military, but were the standard through the War of 1812

44. Assessment Prompt 5
Two sentences:
1: Lafayette
2: von Steuben

45. Journal, Part 2 Summarize the British Plan for Victory.
What role did Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain boys play in regard to Britains plan for victory?
What is the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?
Who was Marquis De Lafayette?
What role did Friedrick von Steuben play in regard to the success of American forces?