1. Role in Society and Education
Chapter 3

2. Role in Society and Education
What are the implications of changing U.S. demographics for physical education, exercise science, and sport (PEEXSPT)?
What is the role of PEEXSPT professionals in the promotion of health and wellness?
How can PEEXSPT professionals promote a physically active lifestyle for people of all ages?
What is the emphasis of the current educational reform movement and what are the implications for PEEXSPT?

3. Changing Demographics
US life expectancy at an all time high – 77.9 yrs.
Public health initiatives
Advances in medical science & technology
Improvements in standards of living
Population is becoming older
In 2000, 2% of population was 85 or older, by 2050, 5% of population will be 85 or older.
By 2030, one in five will be over the age of 65.

4. Changing Demographics
Society is becoming increasing diverse.
2000 US Census reveals 12.5% of population is Hispanic and 24.8% of the population is non-White.
In 2004, 43% of public school students were minorities, an increase from 22% in 1972.
By 2010 ethnic and racial minorities will account for 32% of the population compared to 20% in 1980.

5. Poverty
Poverty is associated with poor health outcomes for all ages, including higher rates of mortality.
US poverty threshold in 2007 in an annual income below $10,210 for a single person and $20,650 for a family of four.
In 2005, 12.5% or 37 million people lived below the poverty level.
Poverty rates
White non-Hispanics - 8.3%
Blacks non-Hispanics %
Hispanics %
Asian & Pacific Islanders – 11.1%
Poverty was greatest in the Southern U.S.

6. Cultural Competence
“…a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations.”
Culture: integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups.
Competence: having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities.

7. Achieving Cultural Competence
“...an on-going developmental process of personal reflection and growth.”
Reflect on your own cultural heritage, beliefs and biases.
Understand how power, privilege, oppression, discrimination, and stereotypes influence opportunities for different cultural groups.
Gain knowledge of other cultures.
Show respect and compassion for cultural differences.

8. Cultural Diversity Defined..
… “differences associated with gender, race, national origin, ethnicity, social class, religion, age and ability/disability, but it can also be extended to include differences in personality, sexual orientation, veteran status, physical appearance, marital status, and parental status.”
DeSensi

9. Impact of Diversity
As professionals committed to enriching the lives of all people, we must increase our “consciousness and appreciation of differences associated with heritage, characteristics, and values of people.”
DeSensi

10. Thinking about Diversity…
Consider…
Minorities are underrepresented in athletic training. Only 5% of the NCAA Division I head trainers are African Americans, but 23% of the athletes are African Americans.
43% of the elementary and secondary school students are minorities yet only 13% of the teachers are minorities.

11. Health defined...
World Health Organization defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” (1947)
Holistic health gains in popularity in latter part of 20th century and encompasses the intellectual and spiritual dimensions of health in addition to the physical, mental, and social dimensions included in the WHO definition.

12. Wellness defined ... …state of optimal health and well-being.
…living life to the fullest and maximizing one’s potential as a whole person.
… dimensions - physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental.
…personal responsibility.
…impact of heredity and social context.

13. Epidemiologic Shift
1900 leading causes of death were related to infectious diseases
Leading causes of death: influenza, pneumonia, TB, and gastrointestinal problems
Life expectancy averages 47.3 yrs.
Today leading causes of death are chronic diseases.
Leading causes of death are heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
Life expectancy averages yrs.

14. Chronic Disease
Changes in the leading cause of death from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.
Chronic diseases account for 7 out of 10 deaths and 75% of medical costs each year.
Cardiovascular disease is our nation’s #1 cause of death, followed by cancer.
Estimated 60% of adults are overweight or obese.
Physical inactivity, poor diet, and being overweight contribute to at least 1/3 of all cancers.
Role of behavioral risk factors in disease and early mortality garner attention.

15. Risk Factors for Disease
Non-modifiable
Age
Gender
Race
Ethnicity
Heredity
Modifiable
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Diet
Obesity
Sun exposure
Alcohol use
Controllable

16. National Health Reports
Healthy People (1979)
Reduce premature deaths and preserve independence for older adults.
Objectives for the Nation (1980)
226 public health objectives to be reached by 1990.
Healthy People 2000 (1990)
Increase healthy lifespan, reduce health disparities among populations groups, and provide access to health services
Healthy People 2010
Increase quality and years of healthy life and eliminate health disparities.

17. Healthy People 2010
A blueprint for improving the health of individuals and the health status of the nation.
Two main goals:
Increase quality and years of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities

18. HP 2010 Goal – Life Expectancy
Increase quality and years of healthy life
Dramatic increase in life expectancy in 20th century from 47.3 years in 1900 to 76.9 years in 2000.
By 2050 life expectancy is expected to increase to 79.7 years for men and 83.3 years for women.
HALE - measure of health-related quality of life; number of years spent in full health. US
life expectancy yrs
HALE 70 yrs.
WHO HALE rankings
Japan 1st – 74.5 yrs
Sierra Leone ranks last yrs.

19. HP 2010 Goal – Health Disparities
Eliminate health disparities among population groups
Life expectancy
Men outlive women (80.4 yrs vs yrs)
White men and women outlive African American men and women
Health disparities
Minority infants’ mortality rate is about double the rate for white infants.
African Americans’ death rate from heart disease is about 40% higher than for whites.
Hispanics are twice as likely to die from diabetes than non-Hispanic whites.

20. HP 2010 and Physical Activity (PA)
Increase adult & adolescent engagement in leisure time PA and daily moderate and vigorous PA
Increase adult & adolescent engagement in strengthening and flexibility PA
Increase daily PE and activity during PE classes
Decrease TV watching
Increase access to school PA facilities
Increase worksite PA programs
Increase walking for short trips
Increase trips made by biking

21. Obesity Epidemic
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children, youth, and adults has risen to an all-time high.
About 60% of adults are overweight and 30% are obese.
About 15% of children and youth are overweight.
Disparities in obesity by race, gender, and ethnicity exist.
Overweight and obesity present serious health risks and have been linked to increased mortality.

24. Benefits of Regular PA
Helps maintain functional independence of elderly
Prevents disease
Assists in the management of many diseases
Enhances the quality of life for ALL
Reduces medical costs
Increases productivity and decreases absenteeism at work and school
and many more…

25. PA & Health
Engaging in moderate-intensity PA for at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week yields substantial health benefits.
Additional benefits can be gained through increasing the intensity and/or amount of PA.
HP 2010 seeks to increase PA in all population groups.

28. “Call to Action” Ensure daily quality PE for all school grades
Provide more healthy food options at schools
Make community facilities available for PA for all people
Create more PA opportunities at worksite
Reduce TV watching and other sedentary behaviors
Educate expectant parents about the benefits of breast-feeding
Change the perception of obesity so that health, not appearance, is the primary concern
Increase research on causes, prevention and treatment especially addressing health disparities
Educate health care providers and professionals on prevention and treatment of overweight across the lifespan.

29. Task Force on PA Effective Interventions
Point-of-decisions prompts
Community-wide campaigns
School-based physical education
Social support interventions in community settings
Individually adapted health behavior change
Increased access to physical activity (new facilities, walking trails, worksite programs, etc.)

30. Wellness Movement & PEEXSPT
Provides skills, knowledge, and values for physically active lifestyle.
School PE programs:
reach over 50 million children each year.
provide the foundation for participation in physical activity throughout one’s lifespan.
School worksite health promotion programs can reach over 5 million adults.
Use of school as a community center

31. Fitness & PA Children & Youth
More than 60 of students engage in vigorous PA 3 or more days
About 25% students engage in moderate levels of PA 5 or more days
Over 50% of students engage in strengthening activities
Males are more active than females
White students are more active than black or Hispanic students
Participation in PA decreases as students’ grade increased
Nearly 40% of students watch TV 3 or more hours a day during the school day

32. Fitness & PA of Adults Men tend to be more active than women
Younger adults are more active than older adults
Engagement in physical activity in influenced by race, ethnicity, level of education, and socioeconomic status
Nearly 40% of adults are inactive during their leisure time.
About 60% of adults engaged in some leisure physical activity during their leisure time.
Nearly 25% of adults engage in strengthening activities

33. PA and Adults
The picture of fitness and adults in our society is perplexing and contradictory---health club membership is booming, fitness participation remains steady, and overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions.

34. Obesity Epidemic
15% of children ages 6-11 years and 15% of adolescents ages years are overweight.
Among adults -
Only 33% of adults are at a healthy weight
Prevalence of overweight or obesity among adults is 65.1%
30.4% of adults are obese
4.9% of adults are extremely obese
A growing number of people of all ages are overweight and obese and this number is increasing.
Overweight and obesity are associated with serious health problems and shortened life expectancy.

35. Poor Health is Costly
In 2000, health care costs associated with obesity were $177 billion.
In 2000, health care costs associated with physical inactivity were $76 billion.
If only 10% of adults started a regular walking program, an estimated $5.6 billion in heart disease costs could be saved.
In 2005, health care expenditures were $1.99 trillion or 16% of GNP. Projected to be $3.4 trillion or 18.4% of GNP in 2013.
In 2004, cost of cardiovascular disease was $368.4 billion.
In 2003, cost of cancer was $189.4 billion

36. Physical Activity & Adults
Health club membership is at an all-time high – 41.3 million.
Nearly 60% of members are 35 years and older.
Slightly more women than men are members.
Over 55% of members have an income greater that $75,000 whereas only 8% have an income of less than $25,000.
Fitness sales (wholesale) reached $4.182 billion in Consumer spending for fitness equipment account for about 80% of these sales.
Treadmills are the most popular home exercise equipment, but sales of free weights, elliptical machines, and home gyms have grown steadily.

37. Benefits of Regular PA Reduces risk of Helps Dying prematurely
Dying from heart disease
Developing diabetes
Developing hypertension
Developing certain cancers
Helps
Manage hypertension
Manage weight
Build and maintain healthy bones and joints
Older adults move more easily and reduces risks of falls
Promote psychological well-being

38. People of all ages can benefit from physical activity.
People can improve their health by engaging in a moderate amount of physical activity on a regular basis.
Greater health benefits can be achieved by increasing the amount of physical activity through changing the duration, frequency, or intensity of the effort.

39. Moderate physical activity is defined as physical activity that results in an energy expenditure of 150 calories a day or 1,000 a week.
Moderate physical activity engaged in on most, if not, all days a week yields health benefits.
Integration of moderate physical activity into one’s lifestyle.

40. Recommendations
Establish policies that promote enjoyable, lifelong PA.
Provide safe, physical and social environments that encourage PA.
Implement sequential physical education and health curriculums.
Provide diverse extracurricular PA programs.
Regularly evaluate PA instruction, programs, and facilities.

41. Recommendations
Encourage parents and guardians to support their children’s participation in PA and be physically active role models.
Train teachers, coaches, staff, and community personnel to promote enjoyable, lifelong PA.
Assess the PA patterns of young people.
Provide a range of developmentally appropriate community sports and recreation programs to attract all young people.

42. Educational Reform ~ 1970s & 1980s
Why?
Public’s desire for accountability
Poor reading and math performance by students
Reduction of academic standards for high school graduation
Relaxation of requirements for college entrance
Loss of professional status by teachers

43. Educational Reform Improvement of student learning
Improvement of teaching
Improvement of schools, their organization and funding
Preparation of students to be lifelong learners

44. Education Initiatives
Goals 2000 – Education America Act
No Child Left Behind
Improve educational attainment
Reduce disparities in educational opportunities and achievement

45. Education & Health
High levels of education are associated with good health.
Income is also related to health; people who are affluent tend to have better health status than those who are less affluent.
Education is often a predictor of income.

46. Health Literacy
“degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate decisions”
Over 90 million adults have lower-than-average reading skills which influences their ability to access, understand, and apply health information.
Consequence of poor health literacy is poor health status.
Health literacy is critical to primary and preventive health care.

47. Disparities In Education
Many racial and ethnic minorities are educationally disadvantaged.
Those in poverty are more likely to have difficulty reading.
Gender gap is slowly closing.
Females read and write better than males, although males perform better in math and science.

48. Educational Reform and PE
Is PE a “frill” and nonessential to curriculum?
There has been increased time in schools for core academic subjects, thus reducing time for physical education, music, and art.
NASPE: PE should be an integral part of the school curriculum.
Physical education can affect both academic learning and the physical activity patterns of students.

49. How does PE help educational achievement?
Healthy children have more energy available for learning.
PE is important for the overall education of students.
Daily, quality PE programs can contribute to the attainment of our national health goals set out by Healthy People 2010.
Reaches disadvantaged children who many not have access to outside the school PA programs.
Developing healthy habits at a young age can encourage lifelong healthy lifestyles.

50. The 2006 Shape of the Nation
Majority of states mandate students must take PE, but mandate varies by school and grade level. Requirement decreases as students’ grade in school increases.
Less than 10% of the schools are meeting the NASPE requirements for PE.
About half the states allow exemptions, waivers and/or substitutions for PE, thus weakening the requirements.
PE appears not to be held to the same accountability standards as other subjects.
Licensing requirements vary by state. Often elementary PE is taught by the classroom teacher, who has limited training in this area.
Support for daily PE is considerable. More than 80% of teachers and parents and more than 90% of teens believe that students should have daily PE at every level.

51. NASPE Recommendations
Requirements for PE:
Elementary school – 150 minutes/week.
Middle school minutes/week.
High school minutes/week.
Physical education instruction should be the “cornerstone of a systematic physical activity promotion in school that also includes recess, afterschool clubs, intramurals as well as competitive athletics.”

52. Promoting Better Health….
Strategies that will help young people increase their level of PA:
Families who model and support enjoyable PA
School programs, including daily quality PE, health education, recess and extracurricular activities
After school and recreation programs that offer a wide array of developmentally appropriate activities
Community programs that make it easy to walk, bike, and use close to home physical activities
Media campaigns that increase motivation of young people to be active